Appropriate Secondary Prevention of Acute Atherothrombotic Events and Strategies to Improve Guideline Adherence

References

• . Lopez AD, Murray CC. The global burden of disease, 1990–2020. Nat Med. 1998;4(11):1241–1243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Rosamond W, Flegal K, Furie K, ; American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2008 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation. 2008;117(4):e25–e146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Bhatt DL. Diffuse coronary disease and atherothrombosis: a rationale for long-term therapy to prevent recurrent ischemic events. J Invasive Cardiol. 2003;15( suppl B):3B–9B; discussion 9B–10B.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Bhatt DL, Steg PG, Ohman EM, ; REACH Registry Investigators. International prevalence, recognition, and treatment of cardiovascular risk factors in outpatients with atherothrombosis. JAMA. 2006;295(2):180–189
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Drouet L. Atherothrombosis as a systemic disease. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2002;13( suppl 1):1–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Bogaty P, Brophy JM. Acute ischemic heart disease and interventional cardiology: a time for pause. BMC Med. 2006;4:25
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Vorchheimer DA, Becker R. Platelets in atherothrombosis. Mayo Clin Proc. 2006;81(1):59–68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Meadows TA, Bhatt DL. Clinical aspects of platelet inhibitors and thrombus formation. Circ Res. 2007;100(9):1261–1275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Hobbs FD. Cardiovascular disease: different strategies for primary and secondary prevention? Heart. 2004;90(10):1217–1223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Smith SC Jr, Jackson R, Pearson TA, . Principles for national and regional guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention: a scientific statement from the World Heart and Stroke Forum. Circulation. 2004;109(25):3112–3121
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . LaBresh KA, Ellrodt AG, Gliklich R, Liljestrand J, Peto R. Get with the guidelines for cardiovascular secondary prevention: pilot results. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164(2):203–209
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Polk DM, Watson K. Hospital discharge treatments after an acute event: evidence for a systems approach to prevention. Coron Artery Dis. 2006;17(3):239–241
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Guyatt G, Gutterman D, Baumann MH, . Grading strength of recommendations and quality of evidence in clinical guidelines: report from an American College of Chest Physicians task force. Chest. 2006;129(1):174–181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Guyatt GH, Cook DJ, Jaeschke R, Pauker SG, Schünemann HJ. Grades of recommendation for antithrombotic agents: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest. 2008;133( suppl 6):123S–131S
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Anderson JL, Adams CD, Antman EM, ; American College of Cardiology; American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2002 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina/Non ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction); American College of Emergency Physicians, et al. ACC/AHA 2007 guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina/non ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2002 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina/Non ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction): developed in collaboration with the American College of Emergency Physicians, the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons: endorsed by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation and the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine. Circulation. 2007;116(7):e148–e304
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Antman EM, Hand M, Armstrong PW, . 2007 Focused update of the ACC/AHA 2004 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2008;117(2):296–329
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Hirsch AT, Haskal ZJ, Hertzer NR, ; American Association for Vascular Surgery; Society for Vascular Surgery; Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, et al. ACC/AHA 2005 guidelines for the management of patients with peripheral arterial disease (lower extremity, renal, mesenteric, and abdominal aortic): executive summary a collaborative report from the American Association for Vascular Surgery/Society for Vascular Surgery, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, Society of Interventional Radiology, and the ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease) endorsed by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; Society for Vascular Nursing; TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus; and Vascular Disease Foundation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47(6):1239–1312
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . King SB 3rd, Smith SC Jr, Hirshfeld JW Jr, . 2007 Focused Update of the ACC/AHA/SCAI 2005 Guideline Update for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2008;117(2):261–295
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Sacco RL, Adams R, Albers G, ; American Heart Association; American Stroke Association Council on Stroke; Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention, et al. Guidelines for prevention of stroke in patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Council on Stroke: cosponsored by the Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention: the American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline. Stroke. 2006;37(2):577–617
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Smith SC Jr, Allen J, Blair SN, ; AHA/ACC; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. AHA/ACC guidelines for secondary prevention for patients with coronary and other atherosclerotic vascular disease: 2006 update: endorsed by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Circulation. 2006;113(19):2363–2372
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Antithrombotic Trialists' Collaboration. Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients. BMJ. 2002; 324(7329):71–86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Becker RC, Meade TW, Berger PB, ; American College of Chest Physicians. The primary and secondary prevention of coronary artery disease: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest. 2008;133( suppl 6):776S–814S
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Albers GW, Amarenco P, Easton JD, Sacco RL, Teal P; American College of Chest Physicians. Antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy for ischemic stroke: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest. 2008; 133( suppl 6):630S–669S
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Sobel M, Verhaeghe R; American College of Chest Physicians. Antithrombotic therapy for peripheral artery occlusive disease: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest. 2008;133( suppl 6):815S–843S
   Google Scholar
• . Adams RJ, Albers G, Alberts MJ, ; American Heart Association, American Stroke Association. Update to the AHA/ASA recommendations for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack. Stroke. 2008;39(5):1647–1652
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Biondi-Zoccai GG, Lotrionte M, Agostoni P, . A systematic review and meta-analysis on the hazards of discontinuing or not adhering to aspirin among 50,279 patients at risk for coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J. 2006;27(22):2667–2674
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Spertus JA, Kettelkamp R, Vance C, . Prevalence, predictors, and outcomes of premature discontinuation of thienopyridine therapy after drug-eluting stent placement: results from the PREMIER registry. Circulation. 2006;113(24):2803–2809
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Grines CL, Bonow RO, Casey Jr DE, ; American Heart Association; American College of Cardiology; Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, et al. Prevention of premature discontinuation of dual antiplatelet therapy in patients with coronary artery stents. A science advisory from the American Heart Association, American College of Cardiology, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, American College of Surgeons, and American Dental Association, with representation from the American College of Physicians. Circulation. 2007;115(6):813–818
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Diener HC, Bogousslavsky J, Brass LM, ; MATCH Investigators. Aspirin and clopidogrel compared with clopidogrel alone after recent ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack in high-risk patients (MATCH): randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2004;364(9431):331–337
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Bhatt DL, Fox KA, Hacke W, ; CHARISMA Investigators. Clopidogrel and aspirin versus aspirin alone for the prevention of atherothrombotic events. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(16):1706–1717
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Bhatt DL, Flather MD, Hacke W, ; CHARISMA Investigators. Patients with prior myocardial infarction, stroke, or symptomatic peripheral arterial disease in the CHARISMA trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49(19):1982–1988
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Mukherjee D, Topol EJ, Moliterno DJ, ; CREDO Investigators. Extra cardiac vascular disease and effectiveness of sustained clopidogrel treatment. Heart. 2006;92(1):49–51
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Sacco RL, Diener HC, Yusuf S, ; PRoFESS Study Group. Aspirin and extended-release dipyridamole versus clopidogrel for recurrent stroke. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(12):1238–1251
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Miller KL, Pollack CV Jr, Peterson ED. Moving from evidence to practice in the care of patients who have acute coronary syndrome. Cardiol Clin. 2006;24(1):87–102
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Mosca L, Linfante AH, Benjamin EJ, . National study of physician awareness and adherence to cardiovascular disease prevention guidelines. Circulation. 2005;111(4):499–510
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Stommel M, Olomu A, Holmes-Rovner M, Corser W, Gardiner JC. Changes in practice patterns affecting in-hospital and post-discharge survival among ACS patients. BMC Health Serv Res. 2006;6:140
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Stafford RS, Radley DC. The underutilization of cardiac medications of proven benefit, 1990 to 2002. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41(1):56–61
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Wang Y, Wu D, Wang Y, Ma R, Wang C, Zhao W. A survey on adherence to secondary ischemic stroke prevention. Neurol Res. 2006; 28(1):16–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Pearson TA. The American College of Cardiology Evaluation of Preventive Therapeutics (ACCEPT) study: attainment of goals for comprehensive risk reduction in patients with coronary disease in the US. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;31:186A
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . EUROASPIRE II Study Group. Lifestyle and risk factor management and use of drug therapies in coronary patients from 15 countries; principal results from EUROASPIRE II Euro Heart Survey Programme. Eur Heart J. 2001;22(7):554–572
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Rembold CM. Number-needed-to-treat analysis of the prevention of myocardial infarction and death by antidyslipidemic therapy. J Fam Pract. 1996;42(6):577–586
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Straus SE, Majumdar SR, McAlister FA. New evidence for stroke prevention: scientific review. JAMA. 2002;288(11):1388–1395
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Ovbiagele B, Saver JL, Fredieu A, . In-hospital initiation of secondary stroke prevention therapies yields high rates of adherence at follow-up. Stroke. 2004;35(12):2879–2883
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Aronow HD, Novaro GM, Lauer MS, . In-hospital initiation of lipid-lowering therapy after coronary intervention as a predictor of long-term utilization: a propensity analysis. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163(21):2576–2582
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Grace SL, Evindar A, Kung T, Scholey P, Stewart DE. Increasing access to cardiac rehabilitation: automatic referral to the program nearest home. J Cardiopulm Rehabil. 2004;24(3):171–174
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Eagle KA, Koelling TM, Montoye CK. Primer: implementation of guideline-based programs for coronary care. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med. 2006;3(3):163–171
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Fonarow GC, Gawlinski A, Moughrabi S, Tillisch JH. Improved treatment of coronary heart disease by implementation of a Cardiac Hospitalization Atherosclerosis Management Program (CHAMP). Am J Cardiol. 2001;87(7):819–822
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Smaha LA; American Heart Association. The American Heart Association Get With The Guidelines program. Am Heart J. 2004;148( suppl 5):S46–S48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Ohman EM, Roe MT, Smith SC Jr, ; CRUSADE Investigators. Care of non-ST-segment elevation patients: insights from the CRUSADE national quality improvement initiative. Am Heart J. 2004;148( suppl 5):S34–S39
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . National Cardiovascular Data Registry. http://www.accncdr.org/WebNCDR/ACTION/ABOUTACTION.ASPX. Accessed May 09, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• . Duke Clinical Research Institute. MAINTAIN CRUSADE: Medication Applied and Sustained Over Time. A Longitudinal Follow-up Study of the CRUSADE Quality Improvement Initiative. Duke University Medical Center; 2005
   Google Scholar
• . Mehta RH, Roe MT, Chen AY, . Recent trends in the care of patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes: insights from the CRUSADE initiative. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(18):2027–2034
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Tricoci P, Roe MT, Mulgund J, . Clopidogrel to treat patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes after hospital discharge. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(7):806–811
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Liem SS, van der Hoeven BL, Oemrawsingh PV, . MISSION!: optimization of acute and chronic care for patients with acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J. 2007;153(1):14.e1–11
   Google Scholar
• . Rockson SG, deGoma EM, Fonarow GC. Reinforcing a continuum of care: in-hospital initiation of long-term secondary prevention following acute coronary syndromes. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2007;21(5):375–388
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Mehta RH, Montoye CK, Gallogly M, . Improving quality of care for acute myocardial infarction: The Guidelines Applied in Practice (GAP) Initiative. JAMA. 2002;287(10):1269–1276
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar