Psychological Risk Factors and Cardiovascular Disease: Is it All in Your Head?

References

• . Rozanski A, Blumental JA, Davidson KW, Saab PG, Kubzansky L. The epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management of psychosocial risk factors in cardiac practice: The emerging field of behavioral cardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005; 45(5):637–651
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Dimsdale JE. Psychological stress and cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008; 51(13):1237–1246
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Kubzansky LD, Park N, Peterson C, . Healthy psychological functioning and incident coronary heart disease: The importance of self-regulation. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011; 68(4):400–408
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Figueredo VM. The time has come for physicians to take notice: The impact of psychosocial stressors on the heart. Am J Med. 2009; 122(8):704–712
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Rutledge T, Reis SE, Olson M, . Psychosocial variables are associated with atherosclerosis risk factors among women with chest pain: The WISE study. Psychosom Med. 2001; 63(2):282–288
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Yan LL, Liu K, Matthews KA, . Psychosocial factors and risk of hypertension: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. JAMA. 2003; 290(16):2138–2148
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Suarez EC. Plasma interleukin-6 is associated with psychological coronary risk factors: Moderation by use of multivitamin supplements. Brain Behav Immun. 2003; 17(4):296–303
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Iribarren C, Sidney S, Bild DE, . Association of hostility with coronary artery calcification in young adults: The CARDIA study. JAMA. 2000; 283(19):2546–2551
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Davis MB, Duvernoy CS. How to stay heart healthy in 2011: Consideration for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in women. Women's Health (Lond Engl). 2011; 7(4):433–451
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Rozanski A, Blumenthal JA, Kaplan J. Impact of psychological factors on the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease and implications for therapy. Circulation. 1999; 99(16):2192–2217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Lavie CJ, Milani RV, Artham SM, Gilliland Y. Psychological factors and cardiac risk and impact of exercise training programs: A review of Ochsner studies. Ochsner J. 2007; 7:167–172
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Milani RV, Littman AB, Lavie CJ. Psychological adaptation to cardiovascular disease. In: Merrseli FH, ed. Cardiovascular Disease in the Elderly. 3rd ed. Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1993:401–412
   Google Scholar
• . Karasek R, Baker D, Marxer F, Ahlbom A, Theorell T. Job decision latitude, job demands, and cardiovascular disease: A prospective study of Swedish men. Am J Public Health. 1981; 71(7):694–705
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Marmot MG, Bosma H, Hemingway H, Brunner E, Stansfeld S. Contribution of job control and other risk factors to social variations in coronary heart disease incidence. Lancet. 1997; 350(9073):235–239
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Matthews KA, Gump BB. Chronic work stress and marital dissolution increase risk of posttrial mortality in men from the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Arch Intern Med. 2002; 162(3):309–315
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Ruberman W, Weinblatt E, Goldberg J, . Psychosocial influences on mortality after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1984; 311(9): 552–559
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Lavie CJ, Milani RV, Marks P, . Exercise and the heart: Risks, benefits, and recommendations for providing exercise prescriptions. Ochsner J. 2001; 3(4):207–213
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . O'Keefe JH Jr, Poston WS, Haddock CK, Moe RM, Harris W. Psychosocial stress and cardiovascular disease: How to heal a broken heart. Compr Ther. 2004 Spring; 30(1):37–43
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Lavie CJ, Milani RV, O'Keefe JH, Lavie TJ. Impact of exercise training on psychological risk factors. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2011; 53(6):464–470
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Curtis BM, O'Keefe JH. Autonomic tone as a cardiovascular risk factor: The dangers of chronic fight or flight. Mayo Clin Proc. 2002; 77(1):45–54
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Lavie CJ, Milani RV. Depression, autonomic function, and cardiorespiratory fitness: Comments on Hughes, .(2010). Percept Mot Skills. 2011; 112(1):319–321
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Suraez EC. Plasma interleukin-6 is associated with psychological coronary risk factors: Moderation by use of multivitamin supplements. Brain Behav Immun. 2003; 17(4):296–303
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Boltwood MD, Taylor CB, Burke MB, . Anger report predicts coronary artery vasomotor response to mental stress in atherosclerotic segments. Am J Cardiol. 1993; 72(18):1361–1365
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Markovitz JH. Hostility is associated with increased platelet activation in coronary heart disease. Psychosom Med. 1998; 60(5):586–591
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Roy MP, Kirschbaum C, Steptoe A. Psychological, cardiovascular, and metabolic correlates of individual differences in cortisol stress recovery in young men. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2001; 26(4): 375–391
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Broadley AJ, Korszun A, Abdelaal E, . Inhibition of cortisol production with metyrapone prevents mental stress—induced endothelial dysfunction and baroreflex impairment. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005; 46(2):344–350
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Frasure-Smith N, Lespérance F. Recent evidence linking coronary heart disease and depression. Can J Psychiatry. 2006; 51(12):730–737
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Lichtman JH, Bigger JT Jr, Blumenthal JA, . AHA science advisory. Depression and coronary heart disease. Recommendations for screening, referral, and treatment. A science advisory from the American Heart Association Prevention Committee to the Council on Cardiovascular Nursing, Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Epidemiology and Prevention, and Interdisciplinary Council on Quality of Care Outcomes Research. Endorsed by the American Psychiatric Association. Prog Cardiovasc Nurs. 2009; 24(1): 19–26
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Steffens DC, Skoog I, Norton MC, . Prevalence of depression and its treatment in an elderly population: The Cache County study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000; 57(6):601–607
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Ayuso-Mateos JL, Vázquez-Barquero JL, Dowrick C, ; ODIN Group. Depressive disorders in Europe: Prevalence figures from the ODIN study. Br J Psychiatry. 2001; 179:308–316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Lett HS, Blumenthal JA, Babyak MA, . Depression as a risk factor for coronary artery disease: Evidence, mechanisms, and treatment. Psychosom Med. 2004; 66(3):305–315
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Anda R, Williamson D, Jones D, . Depressed affect, hopelessness, and the risk of ischemic heart disease in a cohort of U.S. adults. Epidemiology. 1993; 4(4):285–294
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Barefoot JC, Schroll M. Symptoms of depression, acute myocardial infarction, and total mortality in a community sample. Circulation. 1996; 93(11):1976–1980
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Ford DE, Mead LA, Chang PP, . Depression is a risk factor for coronary artery disease in men: The precursors study. Arch Intern Med. 1998; 158(13):1422–1426
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Ariyo AA, Haan M, Tangen CM, . Depressive symptoms and risks of coronary heart disease and mortality in elderly Americans. Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group. Circulation. 2000; 102(15):1773–1779
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Hippisley-Cox J, Fielding K, Pringle M. Depression as a risk factor for ischaemic heart disease in men: Population based case-control study. BMJ. 1998; 316(7146):1714–1719
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Lavie CJ, Milani RV, Cassidy MM, Gilliland YE. Effects of cardiac rehabilitation and exercise training programs in women with depression. Am J Cardiol. 1999; 83(10):1480–1483, A7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Beckie TM, Beckstead JW, Schocken DD, Evans ME, Fletcher GF. The effects of a tailored cardiac rehabilitation program on depressive symptoms in women: A randomized clinical trial. Int J Nurs Stud. 2011; 48(1):3–12
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Park JE, Lee JE. Cardiovascular disease risk factors and depression in Korean women: Results from the fourth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey [published online ahead of print June 15, 2011]. Psychiatry Res.
   Google Scholar
• . Lesperance F, Frasure-Smith N, Talajic M, Bourassa MG. Five-year risk of cardiac mortality in relation to initial severity and one-year changes in depression symptoms after myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2002; 105(9):1049–1053
   Google Scholar
• . Ziegelstein RC, Thombs BD, Coyne JC, . Routine screening for depression in patients with coronary heart disease: Never mind. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009; 54(10):886–890
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Ferketich AK, Schwartzbaum JA, Frid DJ, Moeschberger ML. Depression as an antecedent to heart disease among women and men in the NHANES I study. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Arch Intern Med. 2000; 160(9):1261–1268
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Aromaa A, Raitasalo R, Reunanen A, . Depression and cardiovascular diseases. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 1994; 377:77–82
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Penninx BW, Beekman AT, Honig A, . Depression and cardiac mortality: Results from a community-based longitudinal study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001; 58(3):221–227
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Grace SL, Abbey SE, Kapral MK, Fang J, Nolan RP, Stewart DE. Effect of depression on five-year mortality after an acute coronary syndrome. Am J Cardiol. 2005; 96(9):1179–1185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Bekke-Hansen S, Trockel M, Burg MM, Taylor CB. Depressive symptom dimensions and cardiac prognosis following myocardial infarction: Results from the ENRICHD clinical trial. Psychol Med. 2011:1–10
   Google Scholar
• . Roest AM, Martens EJ, de Jonge P, . Anxiety and risk of incident coronary heart disease: A meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010; 56(1):38–46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Shibeshi WA, Young-Xu Y, Blatt CM, . Anxiety worsens prognosis in patients with coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007; 49(20):2021–2027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Janszky I, Ahnve S, Lundberg I, . Early-onset depression, anxiety, and risk of subsequent coronary heart disease: 37-year follow-up of 49,321 young Swedish men. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010; 56(1):31–37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Denollet J, Maas K, Knottnerus A, Keyzer JJ, Pop VJ. Anxiety predicted premature all-cause and cardiovascular death in a 10-year follow-up of middle-aged women. J Clin Epidemiol. 2009; 62(4): 452–456
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Haynes SG, Feinleib M, Kannel WB. The relationship of psychosocial factors to coronary heart disease in the Framingham study: 3. Eight year incidence of coronary heart disease. Am J Epidemiol. 1980; 111(1):37–58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Rosenman RH, Brand RJ, Sholtz RI, Friedman M. Multivariate prediction of coronary heart disease during 8.5 year follow-up in Western Collaborative Group Study. Am J Cardiol. 1976; 37(6):903–909
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Friedman M, Thoresen CE, Gill JJ, . Alteration of type A behavior and its effect on cardiac recurrences in post myocardial infarction patients: Summary results of the recurrent coronary prevention project. Psychosom Med. 2009; 71(4):395–403
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Miller TQ, Smith TW, Turner CW, . A meta-analytic review of research on hostility and physical health. Psych Bull. 1996; 119(2): 322–348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Matthews KA, Gump BB, Harris KF, Haney TL, Barefoot JC. Hostile behaviors predict cardiovascular mortality among men enrolled in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Circulation. 2004; 109(1):66–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Dembroski TM, MacDougall JM, Costa PT, . Components of hostility as predictors of sudden death and myocardial infarction in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Psychosom Med. 1989; 51(5):514–522
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Haney TL, Maynard KE, Houseworth SJ, Scherwitz LW, Williams RB, Barefoot JC. Interpersonal Hostility Assessment Technique: Description and validation against the criterion of coronary artery disease. J Pers Assessment. 1996; 66(2):386–401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Rutledge T, Reis SE, Olson M, . Psychosocial variables are associated with atherosclerosis risk factors among women with chest pain: The WISE study. Psychosom Med. 2001; 63(2):282–288
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Knox SS, Adelman A, Ellison RC, . Hostility, social support, and carotid artery atherosclerosis in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study. Am J Cardiol. 2000; 86(10): 1086–1089
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Whiteman MC, Deary IJ, Fowkes FG. Personality and social predictors of atherosclerotic progression: Edinburgh Artery Study. Psychosom Med. 2000; 62(10):703–714
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Yan LL, Liu K, Matthews KA, . Psychosocial factors and risk of hypertension: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. JAMA. 2003; 290(16):2138–2148
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Iribarren C, Sidney S, Bild DE, . Association of hostility with coronary artery calcification in young adults: The CARDIA study. JAMA. 2000; 283(19):2546–2551
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Huang JL, Chiou CW, Ting CT, . Sudden changes in heart rate variability during the 1999 Taiwan earthquake. Am J Cardiol. 2001; 87(2):245–248
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Matsuo T, Suzuki S, Kodama K, Kario K. Hemostatic activation and cardiac events after the 1995 Hanshin-Awaji earthquake. Int J Hematol. 1998; 67(2):123–129
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Sharkey SW, Lesser JR, Zenovich AG, . Acute and reversible cardiomyopathy provoked by stress in women from the United States. Circulation. 2005; 111(4):472–479
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Ziegelstein RC. Depression and tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 2010; 105(2):281–282
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Carroll D, Ebrahim S, Tilling K, Macleod J, Smith GD. Admissions for myocardial infarction and World Cup football: Database survey. BMJ. 2002; 325(7378):1439–1442
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Barone-Adesi F, Vizzini L, Merletti F, . It is just a game: Lack of association between watching football matches and the risk of acute cardiovascular events. Int J Epidemiol. 2010; 39(4):1006–1013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Liu Y, Tanaka H; Fukuoka Heart Study Group. Overtime work, insufficient sleep, and risk of non-fatal acute myocardial infarction in Japanese men. Occup Environ Med. 2002; 59(7):447–451
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Siegrist J. Adverse health effects of high-effort/low-reward conditions. J Occup Health Psychol. 1996; 1(1):27–41
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Nordstrom CK, Dwyer KM, Merz CN, Shircore A, Dwyer JH. Work-related stress and early atherosclerosis. Epidemiology. 2001; 12(2):180–185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Muntaner C, Nieto FJ, Cooper L, . Work organization and atherosclerosis: Findings from the ARIC study. Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities. Am J Prev Med. 1998; 14(1):9–18
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Thomas KS, Nelesen RA, Ziegler MG, . Job strain, ethnicity, and sympathetic nervous system activity. Hypertension. 2004; 44(6):891–896
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Matthews KA, Gump BB. Chronic work stress and marital dissolution increase risk of posttrial mortality in men from the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Arch Intern Med. 2002; 162(3):309–315
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Orth-Gomér K, Wamala SP, Horsten M, Schneck-Gustafsson K, Schneiderman N, Mittlemaan MA. Marital stress worsens prognosis in women with coronary heart disease: The Stockholm Female Coronary Risk Study. JAMA. 2000; 284(23):3008–3014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Hu YR, Goldman N. Mortality differentials by marital status: An international comparison. Demography. 1990; 27(2):233–250
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . von Kanel R, Dimsdale JE, Adler KA, Patterson TL, Mills PJ, Grant I. Exaggerated plasma fibrin formation (D-dimer) in elderly Alzheimer caregivers as compared to noncaregiving controls. Gerontology. 2005; 51(1):7–13
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . von Känel R, Dimsdale JE, Ancoli-Israel S, . Poor sleep is associated with higher plasma proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 and procoagulant marker fibrin D-dimer in older caregivers of people with Alzheimer's disease. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006; 54(3):431–437
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Lee S, Colditz GA, Berkman LF, . Caregiving and risk of coronary heart disease in U.S. women: A prospective study. Am J Prev Med. 2003; 24(2):113–119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Lee S, Colditz GA, Berkman LF, . Caregiving to children and grandchildren and risk of coronary heart disease in women. Am J Public Health. 2003; 93(11):1939–1944
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Haley WE, Roth DL, Howard G, Safford MM. Caregiving strain and estimated risk for stroke and coronary heart disease among spouse caregivers: Differential effects by race and sex. Stroke. 2010; 41(2):331–336
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . von Känel R, Mausbach BT, Patterson TL, . Increased Framingham Coronary Heart Disease Risk Score in dementia caregivers relative to non-caregiving controls. Gerontology. 2008; 54(3):131–137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . McElroy SL, Kotwal R, Malhotra S, Nelson EB, Keck PE, Nemeroff CB. Are mood disorders and obesity related? A review for the mental health professional. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004; 65(5):634–651, quiz 730
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Mathews RR, Hall WD, Gartner CE, . Depression and psychological distress in tobacco smokers and people with cannabis dependence in the National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing. Med J Aust. 2011; 195(3):S12–S15
   Google Scholar
• . Lavie CJ, Milani RV. Cardiac rehabilitation and exercise training in secondary coronary heart disease prevention. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2011; 53(6):397–403
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Balducci S, Zanuso S, Nicolucci A, . Effect of an intensive exercise intervention strategy on modifiable cardiovascular risk factors in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized controlled trial: The Italian Diabetes and Exercise Study (IDES). Arch Intern Med. 2010; 170(20):1794–1803
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Lucini D, Milani RV, Costantino G, . Effects of cardiac rehabilitation and exercise training on autonomic regulation in patients with coronary artery disease. Am Heart J. 2002; 143(6):977–983
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Laing ST, Gluckman TJ, Weinberg KM, . Autonomic effects of exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2011; 31(2):87–91
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Lavie CJ, Milani RV, Artham SM, . Psychological factors and cardiac risk and impact of exercise training programs—a review of Ochsner studies. Ochsner J. 2007; 7(4):167–172
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Ades PA, Huang D, Weaver SO. Cardiac rehabilitation participation predicts lower rehospitalization costs. Am Heart J. 1992; 123(4 pt 1): 916–921
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Erikssen G, Liestol K, Bjornholt J, . Changes in physical fitness and changes in mortality. Lancet. 1998; 352(9130):759–762
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Vanhees L, Fagard R, Thijs L, . Prognostic value of training-induced change in peak exercise capacity in patients with myocardial infarcts and patients with coronary bypass surgery. Am J Cardiol. 1995; 76(14):1014–1019
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Milani RV, Lavie CJ. Impact of cardiac rehabilitation on depression and its associated mortality. Am J Med. 2007; 120(9):799–806
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Lavie CJ, Milani RV. Prevalence of anxiety in coronary patients with improvement following cardiac rehabilitation and exercise training. Am J Cardiol. 2004; 93(3):336–339
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Lavie CJ, Milani RV. Adverse psychological and coronary risk profiles in young patients with coronary artery disease and benefits of formal cardiac rehabilitation. Arch Intern Med. 2006; 166(17):1878–1883
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Lavie CJ, Milani RV. Prevalence of hostility in young coronary artery disease patients and effects of cardiac rehabilitation and exercise training. Mayo Clin Proc. 2005; 80(3):335–342
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Artham SM, Lavie CJ, Milani RV. Cardiac rehabilitation programs markedly improve high-risk profiles in coronary patients with high psychological distress. South Med J. 2008; 101(3):262–267
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Milani RV, Lavie CJ. Reducing psychosocial stress: A novel mechanism of improving survival from exercise training. Am J Med. 2009; 122(10):931–938
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar