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Reproductive Health Matters
An international journal on sexual and reproductive health and rights
Volume 12, 2004 - Issue 23: Sexuality, rights and social justice
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Original Articles

Sexuality and Women's Rights in Armed Conflict in Sri Lanka

(Senior Research Fellow)
Pages 78-87 | Published online: 18 May 2004
 

Abstract

The discourse of human rights in armed conflict situations is well adapted to respond to violence and violation, invoking internationally agreed principles of civil and political rights. However, in areas where the subject or domain of rights discourse is contested or controversial, human rights advocates appear less prepared to promote and defend such rights. Sexuality is one such domain. This paper explores the complex sexual choices women in Sri Lanka have had to negotiate, particularly widows and sex workers, within a context of ethnic conflict, militarisation and war. It argues that sexuality cannot be defined exclusively in terms of violation, even in a context dominated by violence, and that the sexual ordering of society may be subverted in such conditions. Newly widowed women and sex workers have had to negotiate self-determination as well as take responsibility for earning income and heading households, in spite of contrary community pressures. For women, political and economic rights are closely linked with the ability to determine their sexual and reproductive choices. The challenge to women's and human rights advocates is how to articulate sexual autonomy as a necessary right on a par with others, and strategise to secure this right during armed conflict and postwar reconstruction.

Résumé

Le discours des droits de l'homme dans les conflits armés est bien adapté pour répondre à la violence et aux violations, en invoquant les principes internationaux des droits civils et politiques. Néanmoins, quand le thème ou domaine du discours sur les droits est contesté ou controversé, les défenseurs des droits de l'homme semblent moins préparés à promouvoir et défendre ces droits. La sexualité est l'un de ces domaines. Les femmes sri-lankaises, en particulier les veuves et les prostituées, ont dû négocier des choix sexuels complexes, dans un contexte de conflit ethnique, de militarisation et de guerre. L'article avance que la sexualité ne peut être définie exclusivement en termes de violation, même dans un contexte dominé par la violence, et que, dans ces conditions, l'ordre sexuel de la société peut être renversé. Les veuves de fraı̂che date et les prostituées ont dû négocier leur autodétermination tout en gagnant un revenu et dirigeant la famille, malgré des pressions communautaires contraires. Pour les femmes, les droits politiques et économiques sont étroitement liés avec la capacité de déterminer leurs choix génésiques. Le défi pour les défenseurs des droits des femmes et des libertés fondamentales est de faire accepter que l'autonomie sexuelle est un droit aussi nécessaire que les autres, et de concevoir des stratégies pour le garantir pendant les conflits armés et la reconstruction de l'après-guerre.

Resumen

El discurso de los derechos humanos en situaciones de conflicto armado responde a la violencia y violación invocando principios internacionales de derechos civiles y polı́ticos. No obstante, en áreas donde este discurso es disputado o polémico, como la sexualidad, los defensores de los derechos humanos parecen estar menos preparados para promoverlos y defenderlos. En este trabajo se exploran las complejas decisiones de salud sexual que han tenido que negociar las mujeres de Sri Lanka, particularmente las viudas y trabajadoras sexuales, bajo conflicto étnico, militarización y guerra. Se argumenta que la sexualidad no puede definirse exclusivamente en términos de violación, aun en lugares dominados por la violencia, y que el orden sexual de la sociedad podrı́a ser subvertido en dichas condiciones. Las mujeres recién enviudadas y las trabajadoras sexuales han tenido que negociar la autodeterminación, ası́ como asumir la responsabilidad de ganar ingresos y llevar el hogar, pese a las presiones de la comunidad en su contra. Para ellas, los derechos polı́ticos y económicos están estrechamente vinculados a la capacidad de determinar sus opciones sexuales y reproductivas. El reto frente a los defensores y promotores de los derechos humanos y de las mujeres es cómo expresar claramente la autonomı́a sexual como un derecho necesario a la par con otros, y cómo formular estrategias para garantizarla durante el conflicto armado y la reconstrucción posguerra.

Acknowledgements

This is a revised version of a paper presented at the seminar “Sexuality, Gender and Rights: Exploring Theory and Practice in South and South East Asia”, Bellagio, Italy, September 2003, organised by Crea and Tarshi. Interviews with sex workers were conducted as part of a separate project supported by the Global Alliance Against Trafficking in Women, Canada. Parvani Pinnewala helped interpret for these interviews.

Notes

* This is problematic as there is no identifiable Tamil woman among the government nominees. By default, this makes the LTTE the sole representative of Tamil women's interests, regardless of whether or not all Tamil women support LTTE political positions.

* Thus, the three sex workers who made these points were all working independently of pimps.

† I use “sex work” here, which conveys the value and dignity of work, rather than “prostitution”, which is burdened with moral judgment in comparison.

* By heteronormativity, I refer to the system whereby (i) heterosexuality is centered by the marginalisation of sexualities such as homosexuality and bisexuality, and (ii) within heterosexuality itself, sex within marriage is privileged while sex outside marriage is devalued.

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