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Reproductive Health Matters
An international journal on sexual and reproductive health and rights
Volume 21, 2013 - Issue 41: Young people, sex and relationships
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Original Articles

Termination of pregnancy as emergency obstetric care: the interpretation of Catholic health policy and the consequences for pregnant women

An analysis of the death of Savita Halappanavar in Ireland and similar cases

Pages 9-17 | Published online: 14 May 2013
 

Abstract

Issues arising from the death of Savita Halappanavar in Ireland in October 2012 include the question of whether it is unethical to refuse to terminate a non-viable pregnancy when the woman’s life may be at risk. In Catholic maternity services, this decision intersects with health professionals’ interpretation of Catholic health policy on treatment of miscarriage as well as the law on abortion. This paper explores how these issues came together around Savita’s death and the consequences for pregnant women and maternity services worldwide. It discusses cases not only in Ireland but also the Americas. Many of the events presented are recent, and most of the sources are media and individual reports. However, there is a very worrying common thread across countries and continents. If further research unearths more cases like Savita’s, any Catholic health professionals and/or hospitals refusing to terminate a pregnancy as emergency obstetric care should be stripped of their right to provide maternity services. In some countries these are the main or only existing maternity services. Even so, governments should refuse to fund these services, and either replace them with non-religious services or require that non-religious staff are available at all times specifically to take charge of such cases to prevent unnecessary deaths. At issue is whether a woman’s life comes first or not at all.

Résumé

Parmi les enjeux soulevés par la mort de Savita Halappanavar en Irlande en octobre 2012 figure la question de savoir s’il est contraire à l’éthique de refuser d’interrompre une grossesse non viable quand la vie de la femme est menacée. Dans les maternités catholiques, cette décision est liée à l’interprétation que font les professionnels de la santé de la politique de santé catholique sur le traitement des fausses couches ainsi que la loi sur l’avortement. L’article étudie comment ces questions sont apparues autour du décès de Savita et les conséquences pour les femmes enceintes et les services de maternité dans le monde. Il examine des cas en Irlande, mais aussi aux Amériques. Beaucoup d’événements présentés sont récents et la plupart des sources sont des reportages ou des récits individuels. Néanmoins, il existe un dénominateur commun très inquiétant entre pays et continents. Si de nouvelles recherches mettent à jour d’autres cas comme celui de Savita, les professionnels de la santé et/ou hôpitaux catholiques refusant d’interrompre une grossesse comme soin obstétrical d’urgence devrait être privés de leur droit d’offrir des services de maternité. Dans certains pays, ils représentent les principaux ou les seuls services de maternité. Malgré cela, les autorités devraient refuser de financer ces services et les remplacer par des services non religieux ou exiger que du personne non religieux soit disponible à tout moment, spécifiquement pour prendre en charge ces cas et prévenir tout décès prématuré. La question est ici de savoir si la vie d’une femme passe ou non avant tout.

Resumen

Entre los temas examinados tras la muerte de Savita Halappanavar en Irlanda, en octubre de 2012, figura la interrogante si es poco ético negarse a interrumpir un embarazo no viable cuando la vida de la mujer podría correr peligro. En servicios de maternidad católicos, esta decisión cruza la interpretación de profesionales de la salud de la política católica en cuanto al tratamiento del aborto espontáneo, así como la ley referente al aborto. En este artículo se explora la interrelación de estos asuntos a raíz de la muerte de Savita y las consecuencias para las mujeres embarazadas y los servicios de maternidad mundialmente. Se analizan casos no solo en Irlanda sino también en las Américas. Muchos de los sucesos expuestos son recientes y la mayoría de las fuentes son medios de comunicación e informes individuales. Sin embargo, hay un hilo común muy preocupante entre países y continentes. Si en futuras investigaciones se descubren más casos como el de Savita, a todo profesional de la salud y/u hospital católico que rehuse interrumpir un embarazo como cuidados obstétricos de emergencia se le debe despojar de su derecho a ofrecer servicios de maternidad. En algunos países estos son los principales o únicos servicios de maternidad. Aun así, los gobiernos deberían rehusar financiar estos servicios y sustituirlos con servicios no religiosos o exigir que haya personal no religioso disponible en todo momento específicamente para encargarse de tales casos para evitar muertes innecesarias. La interrogante es si la vida de la mujer es o no lo primordial.

Acknowledgements

Thanks to Goretti Horgan, Lisa Hallgarten, Toni Belfield, Pathika Martin and an anonymous colleague for very helpful comments on earlier drafts of the text.

Notes

* India’s is 200 deaths per 100,000 live births compared to only 6 per 100,000 live births in Ireland in 2010.Citation2

† The latest report was published as a supplement to the BJOG at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bjo.2011.118.issue-s1/issuetoc. For a history of these reports, see: What has happened to the UK Confidential Enquiry into Maternal Deaths? BMJ 2012;344:e41 at: www.bmj.com/content/344/bmj.e4147.

* Savita was also at high risk for a serious pelvic infection, due to her dilated cervix, and indeed developed sepsis, for which treatment was also delayed, which also contributed to her death.Citation7 This is another reason why a timely termination was crucial, to prevent infection entering and taking hold. This paper is not about what caused her death, however, which the inquest revealed in great detail, but rather about why there was an unconscionable delay in one aspect of her treatment, i.e. termination of the pregnancy.

* The Obama government in the US has set a precedent for this in withdrawing a multi-million dollar contract from the US Conference of Catholic Bishops for refusing to provide contraception in a government-funded service to women who have been trafficked and who require a range of urgent treatments. This decision was upheld by a US federal court in 2012.Citation28

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