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Reproductive Health Matters
An international journal on sexual and reproductive health and rights
Volume 23, 2015 - Issue 45: Knowledge, evidence, practice and power
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Issues in current service delivery

“If a woman has even one daughter, I refuse to perform the abortion”: Sex determination and safe abortion in India

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Pages 114-125 | Received 28 Nov 2014, Accepted 08 Jun 2015, Published online: 26 Jul 2015
 

Abstract

Abstract

In India, safe abortion services are sought mainly in the private sector for reasons of privacy, confidentiality, and the absence of delays and coercion to use contraception. In recent years, the declining sex ratio has received much attention, and implementation of the Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (PCPNDT) Act (2003) has become stringent. However, rather than targeting sex determination, many inspection visits target abortion services. This has led to many private medical practitioners facing negative media publicity, defamation and criminal charges. As a result, they have started turning women away not only in the second trimester but also in the first. Samyak, a Pune-based, non-governmental organization, came across a number of cases of refusal of abortion services during its work and decided to explore the experiences of private medical practitioners with the regulatory mechanisms and what happened to the women. The study showed that as a fallout from the manner of implementation of the PCPNDT Act, safe abortion services were either difficult for women to access or outright denied to them. There is an urgent need to recognize this impact of the current regulatory environment, which is forcing women towards illegal and unsafe abortions.

Résumé

En Inde, les femmes s’adressent principalement au secteur privé pour obtenir un avortement sûr, pour des raisons de protection de la vie privée et de confidentialité, et l’absence de retards et de pressions en faveur de la contraception. Ces dernières années, la baisse du rapport de masculinité a reçu beaucoup d’attention et la loi sur les techniques de diagnostic prénatal et préimplantatoire (2003) a été appliquée strictement. Néanmoins, au lieu de se centrer sur la détermination du sexe, beaucoup de visites d’inspection ciblent les services d’avortement. Il s’ensuit que beaucoup de praticiens privés ont été exposés à une publicité médiatique négative, des diffamations et des poursuites pénales. Ils ont donc commencé à refuser de traiter des femmes pendant le deuxième trimestre, mais aussi pendant le premier. Au cours de son travail, Samyak, organisation non gouvernementale basée à Pune, a eu connaissance de plusieurs cas de refus d’avortement. Elle a examiné l’expérience des praticiens médicaux avec les mécanismes régulateurs et ce qui était arrivé aux femmes. L’étude a montré que, suite à la manière d’appliquer la loi de 2003, l’accès aux services d’avortement sûr était devenu difficile ou même impossible pour les femmes. Il est urgent de reconnaître l’impact de l’environnement régulateur actuel, qui force les femmes à avoir recours à des avortements illégaux et à risque.

Resumen

En India, los servicios de aborto seguro son buscados principalmente en el sector privado por razones de privacidad, confidencialidad y la ausencia de demoras y coacción para usar métodos anticonceptivos. En los últimos años, la decreciente proporción de sexos ha recibido mucha atención, y la aplicación de la Ley de Técnicas Diagnósticas Pre-Concepción y Pre-natales (PCPNDT) (2003) se ha vuelto estricta. Sin embargo, en lugar de enfocarse en la determinación del sexo, muchas visitas de inspección se enfocan en los servicios de aborto. Por consiguiente, muchos profesionales médicos particulares se enfrentan a publicidad negativa, difamación y cargos penales. Como resultado, han empezado a rechazar a las mujeres no solo en el segundo trimestre del embarazo, sino también en el primer trimestre. Samyak, una organización no gubernamental con sede en Pune, se enteró de varios casos de servicios de aborto negado y decidió explorar las experiencias de profesionales médicos particulares con los mecanismos reguladores y lo que les sucedió a las mujeres. El estudio mostró que como secuela de la manera en que la Ley PCPNDT fue aplicada, los servicios de aborto seguro eran difíciles de acceder o eran negados. Existe la necesidad urgente de reconocer este impacto del ambiente regulador actual, el cual está obligando a las mujeres a tener abortos inseguros e ilegales.

Notes

* The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006. http://wcd.nic.in/cma2006.pdf.

† The Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961. http://wcd.nic.in/dowryprohibitionact.htm.

‡ To save the life of the pregnant woman, to prevent grave injury to the physical and mental health of the pregnant woman, to prevent the birth of a seriously handicapped child and in case of pregnancy resulting from rape or failure of contraception.

§ As per the MTP Act regulations, only a court can order that these records to be shared. The PCPNDT implementation officers have no authority to ask for MTP documents, since the PCPNDT Act deals only with sex determination.

** This is not required by the Act and is an example of extra barriers/conditions doctors are creating in order to protect themselves. A young unmarried girl is unlikely to have the ration card to hand; it is given to a family as a whole, not to individuals, for subsidized food rations. And if the girl does not go to college, she will have no college ID either.

†† A team of legal advisors, the Medical Superintendent and NGO members who are on the advisory committee of the PCPNDT Act.

‡‡ Bachelor of Homeopathy Sciences, Bachelor of Ayurveda Medicine and Surgery are the other approved medical streams besides allopathy (MBBS) in India.

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