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Reproductive Health Matters
An international journal on sexual and reproductive health and rights
Volume 23, 2015 - Issue 46: Sexuality, sexual rights and sexual politics
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Features: National perspectives

“Sexuality? Amillion things come to mind”: reflections on gender and sexuality by Chilean adolescents

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Pages 85-95 | Received 30 May 2015, Accepted 11 Nov 2015, Published online: 09 Dec 2015
 

Abstract

Although Chile is a traditionally conservative country, considerable legal advances in sexual and reproductive rights over the past decade have brought discourses on sexuality into mainstream political, social and media agendas. In light of these changes it is important to explore how adolescents conceptualize sexuality, which in turn influences their understanding of sexual rights. This study is based on four focus group discussions and 20 semi-structured interviews with adolescents, and seven interviews with key informants in Santiago, Chile. Findings indicate that adolescent conceptualizations of sexuality are diverse, often expressed as attitudes or observations of their social context, and primarily shaped by peers, parents and teachers. Attitudes towards individuals with non-heterosexual orientations ranged from support to rejection, and conceptualizations of sexual diversity were also influenced by media, medicalization and biological explanations. Gender differences in sexual expression were described through gendered language and behaviour, in particular observations of gender stereotypes, censored female sexuality and discourses highlighting female risk. Many adolescents described social change towards greater equality regarding gender and sexuality. To optimize this change and help bridge the gap between legal and social recognition of sexual rights, adolescents should be encouraged to reflect critically on issues of gender equality and sexual diversity in Chile.

Résumé

Bien que le Chili soit un pays normalement conservateur, les progrès juridiques considérables des droits sexuels et génésiques ces dix dernières années ont placé les discours sur la sexualité à l’ordre du jour politique, social et médiatique. Face à ces changements, il est important d’analyser comment les adolescents conceptualisent la sexualité, ce qui influence leur compréhension des droits sexuels. Cette étude est fondée sur quatre groupes de discussion et 20 entretiens semi-structurés avec des adolescents, et sept entretiens avec des informateurs clés à Santiago (Chili). Les conclusions indiquent que les conceptualisations de la sexualité chez les adolescents sont diverses, souvent exprimées comme attitudes ou observations de leur contexte social, et principalement façonnées par les pairs, les parents et les enseignants. Les attitudes envers les individus aux orientations non hétérosexuelles allaient du soutien au rejet, et les conceptualisations de la diversité sexuelle étaient aussi influencées par les médias, la médicalisation et les explications biologiques. Les inégalités sexospécifiques dans l’expression sexuelle étaient décrites par un langage et des comportements sexués, en particulier les observations des stéréotypes sexospécifiques, la sexualité féminine censurée et les discours mettant en lumière les risques pour les femmes. Beaucoup d’adolescents ont décrit le changement social vers une plus grande égalité concernant le genre et la sexualité. Pour optimiser ce changement et aider à combler le fossé entre la reconnaissance juridique et sociale des droits sexuels, les adolescents doivent être encouragés à réfléchir de manière critique aux questions d’égalité entre les sexes et de diversité sexuelle au Chili.

Resumen

Aunque Chile es un país tradicionalmente conservador, en la última década considerables avances legales en derechos sexuales y reproductivos han puesto los discursos sobre sexualidad en las agendas políticas, sociales y en los medios de comunicación. En vista de estos cambios, es importante explorar cómo los adolescentes conceptualizan la sexualidad, lo cual a su vez influye en su comprensión de los derechos sexuales. Este estudio se basa en cuatro discusiones de grupos focales y 20 entrevistas semiestructuradas con adolescentes, y siete entrevistas con informantes claves en Santiago de Chile. Los resultados indican que las maneras en que los adolescentes conceptualizan la sexualidad son diversas, a menudo expresadas como actitudes u observaciones de su contexto social y principalmente definidas por pares, padres y profesores. Las actitudes hacia personas con orientaciones no heterosexuales variaron desde apoyo a rechazo, y las conceptualizaciones de la diversidad sexual también fueron influenciadas por los medios de comunicación, medicalización y explicaciones biológicas. Las diferencias en cómo se expresa la sexualidad según genero fueron descritas por medio de lenguaje y comportamiento de hombres y mujeres, en particular observaciones de estereotipos de género, sexualidad femenina censurada y discursos que destacan el riesgo de la sexualidad femenina. Muchos adolescentes describieron el cambio social como mayor igualdad de género y sexualidad. Para optimizar este cambio y ayudar a reducir la brecha entre el reconocimiento legal y social de los derechos sexuales, se debe motivar a los adolescentes a reflexionar críticamente sobre los temas relacionados con la igualdad de género y la diversidad sexual en Chile.

Acknowledgements

We thank all participants for sharing their experiences and opinions with the research team. Special thanks to Magdalena Rivera for her valuable contributions as research assistant in the field. This study received a grant from the Helle Foundation towards field costs.

This research is based on Anna K-J Macintyre's MPhil thesis in International Community Health, submitted in May 2014 to the Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Norway.

Notes

* The first same-sex civil unions were performed in Chile on the 22nd October 2015.

† Information was collected from school websites and school psychologists.

‡ Online grooming is a form of cyber sexual abuse whereby the abuser builds an emotional relationship with a victim online, often by posing as a same aged peer in chat rooms or social networking sites. Once the relationship has developed, the abuser may establish online sexual contact by encouraging the victim to pose for erotic photos, engage in “sex talk” or watch/perform sexually explicit acts in front of a web camera. Alternatively they may arrange offline contact to meet the victim in person.

§ The urban tribes were social movements where youth formed groups identified by a particular style of dress and attitude. These youth would often gather in public parks or at large underage parties to engage in activities such as “ponceo”, which involved kissing and groping/fondling as many partners as possible, often independent of gender.

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