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Abstract
The sintering force was originally defined for an equilibrium state, in which the sintering contraction is balanced by an external force. The concept of sintering force can be expanded to non-equilibrium process of sintering by using Beere’s definition of sintering force. The sintering of two spherical particles was simulated by using the Surface Evolver program. The shrinkage rate was approximately proportional to the sintering force in a non-equilibrium process. The sintering force in a non-equilibrium process was smaller than the force necessary to stop the shrinkage at equilibrium.
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