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Research Article

Utilisation de billes de verre comme substrats artificiels pour la caractérisation des communautés microbiennes dans les nappes phréatiques : mise au point méthodologique

Use of glass beads as artificial substrates to characterize biofilms in groundwater: methodological tests

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Pages 52-57 | Published online: 16 Sep 2015
 

Abstract

Dans un objectif d'étudier l'impact de l'infiltration des eaux pluviales en milieu urbain sur les eaux souterraines, il est nécessaire de développer des outils permettant d'évaluer la qualité microbiologique des nappes phréatiques. La difficulté majeure des études microbiologiques des nappes phréatiques réside dans l'échantillonnage des bactéries. Un système d'échantillonnage passif, par incubation de substrats artificiels dans la nappe, pourrait permettre d'obtenir une image plus fiable de la diversité des micro-organismes transitant dans ces systèmes. Le but de cette étude a été de tester l'efficacité d'un substrat artificiel, des billes de verre de différents diamètres (4, 6, 8 et 10 mm), pour le piégeage et le développement de biofilm dans deux eaux ayant des concentrations en bactéries et en nutriments contrastées. Les résultats montrent que les bactéries peuvent se développer sous forme d'un biofilm à la surface des billes de verre et que le type d'eau a une influence majeure sur l'échantillonnage passif. Ces premières expériences ont aussi permis de conclure qu'il est plus intéressant en terme de biomasse bactérienne d'utiliser dans le dispositif d'échantillonnage des billes d'un diamètre de 8 ou 10 mm plutôt que des billes d'un diamètre inférieur. En effet, les billes de grandes tailles semblent favoriser les échanges entre la surface des billes et le milieu environnant, favorisant la colonisation et la croissance microbienne.

Groundwater is the principal source of drinking water for Europeans and its protection becomes a crucial challenge. This is especially the case in urban areas where stormwater management leads to artificial recharge of aquifers with waters contaminated during their runoff on impervious surfaces (i.e. roads, car parks). It appears necessary to assess the impact of these practices on groundwater quality, and especially on microbial groundwater quality which remains largely understudied in groundwater environments. However, the main challenge in microbial groundwater studies is to obtain representative samples of microorganisms. Passive sampling, consisting in the incubation of artificial substrates in piezometers appeared as a better solution than active sampling (i.e. collecting water or sediments directly). Active sampling of groundwater is often biased because bacteria attached to sediments (biofilms) cannot be collected. In this study, we used a method based on glass beads that were inserted in mesh bags and used as artificial substrates for biofilm growth. We aimed to compare four diameters of glass beads (4, 6, 8 and 10 mm) because they could play a key role on the exchanges between the bead surface and the surrounding aquatic environment. Large glass beads generated larger pore spaces than small glass beads, facilitating colonization by aquatic micro-organisms. The efficiency of glass beads of the four diameters at catching micro-organisms was tested on two waters characterized by contrasted microbial and nutrient concentrations. These investigations showed the tested water micro-organisms colonise and grow on the surface of glass beads. These results demonstrated that glass beads having diameters of 8-10 mm were more efficient for biofilm growth than smaller beads (4 and 6 mm). The type of water impacted biofilm growth on glass beads. Bacterial abundance and biomass recovered from passive samplers were dependent upon the initial bacterial concentrations of the waters. Further analyses will be required to define the selectivity and sensitivity of such artificial substrates.

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