Time and information technology in teams: a review of empirical research and future research directions

Abstract

Information technology (IT) is intricately bound up with time in teams. Yet a comprehensive review of what is known about time in IT-mediated teams is lacking. This paper addresses this gap. We classify time into three categories: conceptions of time, mapping activities to time, and actors relating to time. Drawing upon this framework, we review empirical information systems (IS) research on IT-mediated teams over the past three decades. Our review reveals that the research has approached time predominantly using the clock view and has examined exclusively how to map a single activity to the continuum of time. As a result, most studies operate within a simplified temporal context by conceiving time as an objective attribute that ticks away. Meanwhile, a void exists in research that recognizes time as interpretive and experienced. Our analyses also indicate that past research has been primarily interested in the differences between face-to-face and IT-mediated teams and the communication function of IT. Overall, IT remains roughly conceptualized, and research has produced fragmented insights that have small cumulative effects. To advance more substantive theory building, we propose several research directions that invite richer theorizing about how IT is related to time in teams.

Keywords:

• time
• temporal analysis
• information technology (IT)
• team
• IT artifact
• IT functions

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Zixing Shen

About the Authors

Zixing Shen is an Assistant Professor of Management/MIS at Dakota State University. She holds a Ph.D. in Management from Case Western Reserve University. Her current research focuses on the organizational impacts of IT. She has also worked in the areas of system analysis and design and IT in health care.

Kalle Lyytinen

Kalle Lyytinen is Iris S. Wolstein Professor at Case Western Reserve University. He holds a Ph.D. from the University of Jyvaskyla (Finland) and a Ph.D. h.c. from Umea University. He is an AIS fellow (2004) and serves on the editorial boards of several leading IS journals. He has published over 250 scientific articles and conference papers and edited or written 11 books. His current research interests include radical innovation in software development, digitalization of complex design processes, and the impact of digitalization on industrial organization and innovation.

Youngjin Yoo

Youngjin Yoo is Professor of Management Information Systems and Strategy at the Fox School of Business at Temple University, where he is also Irwin L. Gross Research Fellow. He researches design, innovation, and evolution.