Threshold values affect predictive accuracy of caries risk assessment

Abstract

Objective: To evaluate effects of thresholds on estimates of predictive accuracy of methods for caries risk assessment.

Material and methods: Adolescents, aged 12 visiting two dental clinics, were examined by visual/tactile examination and bitewing radiography at baseline and after one year. Three methods for caries risk assessment were applied: previous caries experience, dentists’ risk assessment according to set criteria (presence or absence of caries lesion) and acid tolerance of dental biofilm. The measure for validity (the reference standard) comprised caries lesion progression at 1 year. Predictive accuracy estimates were calculated for several thresholds.

Results: Accuracy estimates changed with threshold values of the methods and the reference standard. Patient spectrum differed between the clinics, which resulted in different accuracy estimates for the two samples. Generally, negative predictive values were high while positive ones were low indicating that these methods were more efficient in finding individuals who are at low risk of developing caries lesions than those with increased risk.

Conclusions: As thresholds and patient spectrum affected predictive accuracy, it may be difficult to design a universal model with set thresholds for caries risk assessment. Foremost, a model should consider the level of aspiration for prediction and clinical decisions that will be made based on the risk assessment in the actual clinical setting.

Keywords:

• Acid tolerance
• caries increment
• likelihood ratios
• microbiology
• predictive accuracy

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Additional information

Funding

The work was funded by the Borrow Foundation, UK (Charity no. 1060308), The Swedish Research Council (2016-01994) and the Swedish Dental Association.