The State-of-the-Art of Measuring and Predicting Cooling Tower Drift and Its Deposition

Abstract

One of the key elements in estimating the environmental effects associated with the deposition of airborne chemicals and, in particular, salt particles from cooling towers is the drift rate. Eight different experimental methods are currently employed to determine the drift rate from cooling towers. The difficulties associated with the various techniques vary from case to case, but they are mainly associated with collecting a representative sample, maintaining undisturbed air flow, determining the collection efficiency of the various sampling techniques and analyzing the samples for particle size.

Several approaches have been taken to predict the deposition of salt water drift droplets on ground surfaces. Some use a simple analogy with the deposition of industrial dust, others use a combination of plume rise theories in conjunction with the Gaussian diffusion model to predict the air concentration of water droplets from which the ground deposition is then calculated. Other methods calculate the trajectories of the drift droplets accounting for their evaporation or employ diffusion type equations. Estimates derived from the various models used to predict drift deposition appear to vary by a factor of ±10 from each other.

In contrast to the fast development in drift loss measurements, very few attempts have been made to measure actual drift deposition from fresh and salt water cooling towers and to compare experimental results with numerical models.

This paper presents a discussion on the state-of-the-art of measuring and computing drift losses. In particular, drift rate values, droplet size distribution and some typical measured and calculated ground deposition values are discussed.