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Articles

The Duke, the Soldier of Fortune, and a Rosicrucian Legacy: Exploring the Roles of Manuscripts in Early-Modern Alchemy

 

Abstract

By the time it was published in 1705, the Speculum Sapientiae claimed to have had a long history going back to 1672. However, the fact that exaggerated stories were commonplace in alchemical literature leads us to question its credibility. This paper explores the secret lives of this alchemical text prior to its print publication to clarify the roles of manuscripts in early-modern alchemy. Specifically, I argue that there were three aspects that could distinguish manuscript from print: provenance, materiality, and exclusivity. These can be seen at work in the fate of Johann Heinrich Vierordt, an itinerant alchemist and cavalry captain whose career is inextricably linked to the scribal dissemination of the Speculum Sapientiae. In addition to manuscript copies of that text at libraries across Europe, a significant cache of correspondence preserved in Gotha documents Vierordt’s dealings with Duke Friedrich I of Saxe-Gotha. The verisimilitudinous provenance of Vierordt’s alchemical secrets and tincture played a crucial role in allowing him to gain Friedrich’s trust. Yet it was only after Vierordt presented him with a precious parchment manuscript of the Speculum Sapientiae that he truly succeeded in gaining the duke’s patronage. Subsequently, reports of multiple conflicting copies surfacing in Amsterdam sealed Vierordt’s fall from favour.

Acknowledgements

An early version was presented at the Scientiae 2016 conference (St Anne’s College, Oxford, 5–7 July 2016), with financial support from the University of Amsterdam and a Scientiae student bursary. I would also like to thank Rosemarie Barthel, Malte Bischoff, Cordula Bornefeld, Stephen Clucas, Rolf Eilers, Carlos Gilly, Cornelia Hopf, Oliver Humberg, Rob Iliffe, Thomas Moenius, Bruce Moran, Monika Müller, Martin Mulsow, Tara Nummedal, Julian Paulus, Erik Petersen, Lawrence Principe, Josh Zuber, and two anonymous readers.

Note on contributor

Mike A. Zuber is a post-doctoral researcher at Wolfson College and the Faculty of History, University of Oxford. His project is funded by an Early Postdoc. Mobility Fellowship of the Swiss National Science Foundation and explores the secret lives of alchemical manuscripts through research on historic collections. Working mostly on unprinted sources, he specialises in early-modern alchemy and religious dissent throughout the Holy Roman Empire and the United Provinces. Address: Wolfson College, Linton Road, Oxford, OX2 6UD, United Kingdom. Email: [email protected].

Notes

1 Anon., ed., Quadratum Alchymisticum: Das ist: Vier auserlesene rare Tractätgen Vom Stein der Weisen (Hamburg: Verlegts Christian Liebezeit. Druckts Philipp Ludwig Stromer, 1705).

2 [Johann Gottmann], “Speculum Sapientiæ. Das ist: Ein Buch des Geheimnisses vom Anfang der Welt/ Genannt: Der Himmlischen Sonnen-Klahrheit und Geheimniß Von unserm HErrn und Heiland JEsu Christo,” in Anon., Quadratum Alchymisticum, independently paginated 1–54, on 1 (title page): “Im Jahr 1672. den 27. Martii.” A partial English translation may be found in Manly P. Hall, The Secret Teachings of All Ages: An Encyclopedic Outline of Masonic, Hermetic, Qabalistic and Rosicrucian Symbolical Philosophy (Mineola: Dover Publications, 2010), 459–64. It is based on Sigismund Bacstrom’s version from around 1800; Los Angeles, Getty Institute: Manly Palmer Hall Collection, Box 18, Vol. 5, “A true Revelation of the Manual Operation … 1662 [sic].” Bacstrom most likely drew on a seventeenth-century manuscript: London, British Library: Sloane MS 3636, fols. 100–14, which is probably a copy of Sloane MS 3772, fols. 48r–58r. On Bacstrom, see Paul Kléber Monod, Solomon’s Secret Arts: The Occult in the Age of Enlightenment (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2013), 281–88; Jeremy Glatstein, “Sigismund Bacstrom’s Alchemical Manuscripts,” Getty Research Journal 2 (2010): 161–68.

3 [Gottmann], “Speculum Sapientiæ,” 41–42, 28: “Brüder unsers gesegneten Ordens und Fraternität”; “alles mit meinen Blute unterzeichnet/ als ich auff meinen Todt-Bette lag/ In Leyden.”

4 [Gottmann], “Speculum Sapientiæ,” 27, 48: “lieben Vetter und Sohn/ Der wahren Hermetischen Philosophiæ. Johan. Henr. Vierorth/ Rittmeister”; “viel Brüder unsers H. Ordens … in der Stille offenbahren.”

5 Listed according to their estimated age, these include: (1) G = Gotha, Forschungsbibliothek der Universität Erfurt: Membr. II 175; (2) L = Hannover, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Bibliothek – Niedersächsische Landesbibliothek: LH 37,6, fols. 32r–45v; (3) H = Hamburg, Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek: Cod. alchim. 671, pp. 484–509; (4) S = London, BL: Sloane MS 3797, fols. 53r–95v; (5) P = Hamburg, SUB: Cod. alchim. 649, pp. 644–85; (6) Strasbourg, Bibliothèque nationale et universitaire: MS.2.034, pp. 1–44. The latter is irrelevant since it considerably postdates the printed edition and lacks the more pertinent second part of the Speculum Sapientiae. However, even the Strasbourg version is likely based on independent manuscript transmission, which continued at least until 1796; comp. K. Frick, “Aus dem Briefwechsel zweier rheinisch-westfälischer Ärzte und Alchemisten über den Orden der Gold- und Rosenkreuzer in der 2. Hälfte des 18. Jahrhunderts,” in Medicinae et artibus: Festschrift für Professor Dr. phil. Dr. med. Wilhelm Katner zu seinem 65. Geburtstag (Düsseldorf: M. Triltsch, 1968), 11–21, on 19–20.

6 P, 644: “Ist gedruckt also nichts zu regardiren.” Although this version is part of Petraeus’ collection, it is not written in his own hand; for a signed autograph, see Hamburg, SUB: Cod. theol. 1894, pp. 263–66.

7 Comp. Benedict Nicolaus Petraeus, ed., Basilius Innovatus. Das ist: Fr. Basilii Valentini, Ordin. Benedict. Chymische Schrifften (Hamburg: In Verlegung Samuel Heyls. Gedruckt mit sel. Georg Königs Schrifften, 1717), “Neue Vorrede,” fol. e2v.

8 On alchemy and print culture, see Stephen Clucas, ed., “The Royal Typographer and the Alchemist: Willem Silvius and John Dee” (Special Issue), Ambix 64 (2017): 107–89; Lauren Kassell, “Secrets Revealed: Alchemical Books in Early-Modern England,” History of Science 49 (2011): 61–87.

9 For a classic study focusing on poetry, music, and political news, see Harold Love, The Culture and Commerce of Texts: Scribal Publication in Seventeenth-Century England, ed. David D. Hall, 2nd ed. (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1998). Important remarks on manuscripts in alchemy can be found in Lauren Kassell, “Reading for the Philosopher’s Stone,” in Books and the Sciences in History, ed. Marina Frasca-Spada and Nick Jardine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 132–50. See also Daniel Bellingradt and Bernd-Christian Otto, Magical Manuscripts in Early Modern Europe: The Clandestine Trade in Illegal Book Collections (Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017).

10 Roswitha Jacobsen and Juliane Brandsch, eds., Friedrich I. von Sachsen-Gotha und Altenburg: Tagebücher 1667–1686, 3 vols. (Weimar: Hermann Böhlaus Nachfolger, 1998–2003), vol. II, 323: “Den 19. Junii 1684 ♃ Vormittags mitt dem Frembden Rittmeister viehl zu thun gehabt.” In the following, I refer to this edition of Friedrich’s diaries as FD. For an inventory of his alchemical papers, see Oliver Humberg, Der alchemistische Nachlaß Friedrichs I. von Sachsen-Gotha-Altenburg: Verzeichnende Erschließung der Quellen des Thüringischen Staatsarchivs Gotha mit Notizen zu den alchemistischen Handschriften der Forschungsbibliothek Gotha (Elberfeld: Humberg, 2005).

11 FD, vol. II, 324; Gotha, Thüringisches Landesarchiv – Staatsarchiv: GA, E XI, Nr. 73, fols. 102r–3v. In the following, I refer to this source containing part of Friedrich’s correspondence with various alchemists as FC.

12 John Stoye, The Siege of Vienna (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1965).

13 FD, vol. II, 324: “Neu proces vor ☉ von Gottmann.”

14 FD, vol. III, 593. Comp. Gotha, TLA–SA: GA, E XI, Nr. 103, fol. 2r: “Johann Gottmanns Tractat, lehrende componeren die rechte Elixires, so wit alß root, waar mede verändert mögen werden alle Metallen in warachtig ☉ ende ☾.”

15 Gotha, TLA–SA: GA, E XI, Nr. 103, fols. 39v–40r: “Ick … hebbe dit selve Boecxken met myn eigen hand geschreven, ende onderteykent met mynen Namen alß ick op myn doodbedde lag in dem Jahre duysent 6. hondert 2 und Sebentzig, den 17. Maii.”

16 S, fols. 53r, 88r: “JOHANNEM GOTTMAN Frat. Ord. Ros. Crucis”; “Johann Gottmann Fr. ord. Ros.” See also L, fols. 39v, 45v.

17 Gotha, TLA–SA: GA, E XI, Nr. 103, fol. 40r: “Ex Deo nascimur, in Jesu morimur, per Spiritum Sanctum reviviscimus.”

18 Johann Valentin Andreae, Rosenkreuzerschriften (Gesammelte Schriften 3), ed. Roland Edighoffer (Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt: frommann-holzboog, 2010), 151–52. Note that the initials “J. H. V. O.” and “J. G. M.” follow the same unusual pattern, with an additional letter representing the second part of the surname: S, fol. 75v; [Gottmann], “Speculum Sapientiæ,” 48. See also Franklin B. Williams Jr., “An Initiation into Initials,” Studies in Bibliography 9 (1957): 163–78.

19 Andreae, Rosenkreuzerschriften, 154: “ein Büchlein auff Bergament mit Gold geschrieben.” See also 156.

20 E.g. Karl Christoph Schmieder, Geschichte der Alchemie (Halle: Verlag der Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses, 1832), 422–29.

21 Stanislaus Reinhard Acxtelmeier, Des aus der Finsternus erretteten Natur-Liechts/ Oder der Ver-nunffts-Entledigungen Fünffter Theil (Augsburg: Druckts und verlegts Caspar Brechenmacher, 1701), 14: “zu Leiden/ ein Philosophus Adeptus, von der Gesellschafft der Rosenkreutzer/ Nahmens Gottmann.” The same claim was included verbatim in J. J. Chymiphilus, Der wahren Chymischen Weisheit Offenbahrung (n.p., 1720), 69. For criticism of this identification, see Johann Conrad Creiling, Ehren-Rettung der ALCHYMIE (Herrenstadt: Bey Samuel Rothscholtzen, 1730), 179. On this treatise and its author, see Karl Frick, “The Rediscovered Original Ms. ‘Ehrenrettung der Alchymie’ of the Tübingen Alchemist Johann Conrad Creiling (1673–1752),” Ambix 7 (1959): 164–67.

22 Johann Friedrich Helvetius, Vitulus Aureus, Quem Mundus adorat & orat (Amsterdam: Apud Johannem Jansonium à Waesberge, & viduam Elizei Weyerstraet, 1667), ch. III, 26–44. In the following chapter, Helvetius related the same events in dialogue form, using the mythical name “Elias Artista” for the unnamed adept. There are various studies on this figure; for a comprehensive treatment, see Antoine Faivre, “Elie Artiste, ou la messie des philosophes de la nature” (pts. 1 and 2), Aries 2 (2002): 119–52; 3 (2003): 25–54.

23 Hannover, GWLB–NSL: LH 41,2, fol. 19v: “Der Adeptus von dem Vieroort schwehret seine vermeinte Tinctur zuhaben soll geheißen haben Gottman habe Helvetio die Tinctur gezeiget sey sein Vieroorts Vetter gewesen … nugæ.” Though the edition mistakenly reads “Goltman” instead of “Gottman,” see also a very similar note in Leibniz’s hand on a letter dated 27 August/6 September 1681: Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Sämtliche Schriften und Briefe. Dritte Reihe: Mathematischer, naturwissenschaftlicher und technischer Briefwechsel (Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1976 ff.), vol. 3, nr. 281, on 500, n. 1. For a sceptical remark of one of Leibniz’s informers, see nr. 251, on 451. In the following, I use AA and Latin numerals to refer to the relevant series of the Akademie-Ausgabe of Leibniz’s correspondence. On his engagement with alchemy, see George Macdonald Ross, “Leibniz and Alchemy,” in Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz: Critical Assessments, ed. R. S. Woolhouse, 4 vols. Vol. IV: Philosophy of Mind, Freewill, Political Philosophy, Influences (London: Routledge, 1994), 502–14.

24 Benedict de Spinoza, Opera, ed. Carl Gebhardt, 4 vols. (Heidelberg: Carl Winters Universitætsbuchhandlung, 1925), vol. 4, “Epistola XL,” on 196–97.

25 Omero Proietti and Giovanni Licata, Il carteggio Van Gent-Tschirnhaus (1679–1690): Storia, cronistoria, contesto dell’editio posthuma spinoziana (Macerata: edizioni università de macerata, 2013), “Lettera I,” on 174/75; see also the notes on 189 and 191. For more on Schuller, see Piet Steenbakkers, Spinoza’s Ethica from Manuscript to Print: Studies on Text, Form and Related Topics (Assen: Van Gorcum, 1994), 50–63. Already in November 1676, when Leibniz was in Amsterdam, Schuller mentioned Vierordt to him without revealing his name. Subsequently, Leibniz repeatedly inquired after the anonymous alchemist; AA III, vol. 5, 10–11; vol. 2, nr. 6, 127; pp. 38, 40, 54–55, 202, 304, 314, 359. On the last of these pages, the editors suggest that “Proteus” (Schuller’s alchemist, i.e. Vierordt) had been in the service of Prince Georg Friedrich of Waldeck; however, one of Vierordt’s letters instead mentions his cousin as his former commander: FC, fol. 71v.

26 P, 645. Comp. Johann Friedrich Helvetius, Guldenes Kalb/ Welches die gantze Welt anbetet und verehret (Nürnberg: Bey Wolf Eberhard Felßecker, 1668), 21 (fol. B3r). The original Latin edition presented the same text in Latin and Dutch; Helvetius, Vitulus Aureus, 31.

27 Anon., Quadratum Alchymisticum, title pages of “Centrum Naturæ Concentratum” and “Abyssus Alchymiæ Exploratus,” respectively: “ALI PULI, Einem Asiatischen Mohren”; “THOMA de VAGAN, Einem Englischen Adepto.”

28 On Hellwig as the most likely author of the Centrum Naturæ Concentratum (1682), see Vera Keller, “The Centre of Nature: Baron Johann Otto von Hellwig between a Global Network and a Universal Republic,” Early Science and Medicine 17 (2012): 570–88, on 579. For the identification of Abyssus Alchymiæ Exploratus as a German translation of Starkey’s Philalethean Introitus Apertus ad Occlusis Regis Palatium (1667), see William R. Newman, Gehennical Fire: The Lives of George Starkey, an American Alchemist in the Scientific Revolution (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003), 265. The Welsh alchemist Thomas Vaughan used a pseudonym – Eugenius Philalethes – very similar to Starkey’s, thus giving rise to confusion.

29 Govert Snoek, De rozenkruisers in Nederland: Voornamelijk in de eerste helft van de 17e eeuw. Een inventarisatie (Haarlem: Rozekruis Pers, 2006), 306–7, n. 344.

30 Leiden, Erfgoed Leiden en omstreken: Archiefnr. 501A, inv.nr. 157 (Burgemeestersdagboeken 11 maart 1672–1 april 1678), s.d. 28 May 1672.

31 H, 509.

32 Rolf Eilers, “Die Familie Vierordt,” Badische Familienkunde 13 (1970): 1–29, on 9. See also Hermann Steinmetz, “Die Waldeckischen Beamten vom Mittelalter bis zur Zeit der Befreiungskriege” (2nd pt.), Geschichtsblätter für Waldeck 45 (1955): 90–174, on 137.

33 Leiden, ELO: Archiefnr. 1004, inv.nr. 15 (Nederlands Hervormd Ondertrouw juni 1653–januar 1657), fol. 7r: “Jan Henemansz[oon] Godman Laeckenbereyder jongm. van Beverongen.” Comp. Snoek, De rozenkruisers in Nederland, 306, n. 344.

34 In 1646 “Johan Gotman” was mentioned as witness to a Lutheran baptism; Leiden, ELO: Archiefnr. 1004, inv.nr. 280–82 (Dopen Lutherse Gemeente 1613–1811), s.d. 22 May 1646.

35 Snoek, De rozenkruisers in Nederland, 307, n. 344 (cont.): “een Hebreer mar geen kerganger.” I have not been able to verify this entry, but the same text also appears online: https://www.erfgoedleiden.nl/collecties/personen/zoek-op-personen/deeds/490d5765-67ae-4853-29e2-728bce147c81?person=92b63dcd-1be7-313c-8878-d6a868a1c262 (accessed 29 September 2017).

36 Jean Saunier, “Oeuvre Philosophique,” in Le Grand Miracle De Nature Metallique, ed. Gabriel de Castaigne (Paris: Chez Charles Sevestre, 1615), independently paginated 1–55, on 1–37; Jean Saunier, “Œuvre Philosophique … Faite en l’an 1432. le 7. May,” in Les Œuvres … Tant Medicinales que Chymiques, divisées en quatre principaux traitez … Seconde Edition, ed. Gabriel de Castaigne (Paris: Chez Jean Dhourry, 1661), independently paginated pt. II, 10–57.

37 Pseudo-Lull, “Philosophical and Chymical Experiments … Wherein is contained, The right and true Composition of Both Elixirs and Universal Medicine,” in Paracelsus Of The Chymical Transmutation, Genealogy and Generation of Metals & Minerals, ed. Robert Turner (London: Printed for Rich. Moon … and Hen. Fletcher, 1657), 97–166, on 103–40. Unlike the French printed editions, some French Saulnier manuscripts contain an extended passage on Ramon Lull; comp. Didier Kahn, “Le sieur de Beauvallet, médecin, poète et alchimiste, et ses tentatives d’approche de Louis XIII vers 1621,” in Alchimie et philosophie mécaniste: Expérimentateurs et faussaires à l’âge classique, ed. Sylvain Matton (Paris/Milan: S.É.H.A./ARCHÈ, 2015), 7–16, on 13–14, n. 12; accompanied by Matton’s edition, “Une version inédit de l’Œuvre de Jean Saulnier (Orléans, ms 291, ff. 57r–73v),” 17–32, on 17–18. Allusions to this account in the English edition suggest that it harked back to independent manuscript transmission rather than the French editio princeps.

38 Oxford, Bodleian Library: Ashm. MS 1478, fasc. V, fols. 9r–36r, on fols. 10r–25r. Regarding the manuscript as “written about the time of Charles I” (d. 1649), see William Henry Black, A Descriptive, Analytical, and Critical Catalogue of the Manuscripts Bequeathed unto the University of Oxford by Elias Ashmole, Esq., M.D., F.R.S., Windsor Herald, Also of Some Additional MSS. Contributed by Kingsley, Lhuyd, Borlase, and Others (Oxford: At the University Press, 1845), col. 1307. Another manuscript corresponds to the print in its structure and features a title that may have inspired that of the Speculum Sapientiae; comp. Glasgow, University Library: MS Ferguson 196, title page: “A glase to them that bee of understandinge, and to the unwise; Foolishnes.” In comparison, other early-modern English Saulnier manuscripts are less closely related to the printed edition: London, BL: Sloane MS 363, fols. 18r–36r; Sloane MS 3695; Oxford, BL: Ashm. MS 1492, fasc. V, fols. 6r–11r (pp. 2–12). For a nineteenth-century copy of the printed edition, bound together with Bacstrom material, see London, Wellcome Collection Library: MS. 1030, fols. 23r–69r.

39 Oxford, BL: Ashm. MS 1478, fasc. V, fol. 25r. The word “bed” is omitted in the print; comp. Pseudo-Lull, “Philosophical and Chymical Experiments,” 140. The manuscript lacks the end of the first chapter and a considerable portion of the second (app. 1300 words). This corresponds to the number of words contained in four pages, meaning that there must have originally been another folio sheet between fols. 11v and 12r.

40 Comp. Oxford, BL: Ashm. MS 1478, fasc. V, fols. 10r, 25v, 27r; Pseudo-Lull, “Philosophical and Chymical Experiments,” 97, 141, 145. The print features the corrupted reading “Doctor Homodlus.”

41 AA III, vol. 3, 450.

42 FC, fol. 105r/v.

43 FC, fol. 89r: “die vom S. Rittmeister Vierorth Hinterlaßene Secrete Schrifften und Process, ahn Ihro Hochfürstl. Durchl. Auff Gotha zu Eygnen Händen directe uber Braunschweyg.”

44 FC, fol. 88r: “Manuscripta von Herrn Vierorthen.” The date is on fol. 87r.

45 FD, vol. III, 593, 606.

46 FC, fol. 108v.

47 FD, vol. II, 354, 405: “von Seinen Processen geredet.”

48 Gotha, TLA–SA: GA, E XI, Nr. 104 (6), signed note in Friedrich’s hand: “NB. Das In Octav In hollandischer Sprache geschr[i]eben buchlei[n] des Johann Gottmanß process betreffe[n]t, ist dem Obrist Forstmeister Johan Christoph. Gottmann gegeben Worden, Umb Solches mitt Seinem bey Sich habenden Original zu collatiren Und zu Verteutschen.” Friedrich was a sloppy writer who frequently omitted letters or syllables.

49 Gotha, TLA–SA: GA, E XI, Nr. 73*, fols. 11r–15r (14r/v skipped in foliation), 22r–23v, 129r/v.

50 This transmutation provided the implicit backdrop to Friedrich’s first letter to Vierordt (25 June 1684, Old Style); Johann Otto von Hellwig, who suspected fraud, explicitly mentioned it in a later letter (30 April [recte: March] 1685, Old Style). Comp. FC, fols. 102r–3v, 196r/v.

51 S, fol. 88r: “Dieße Hinderlaßene Tinctur hatt der Riettmeister Fasrofast, dem Hertzogen von Hollstein überlaßen, dann er zu Hamburck zu etliche mahl in bey sich vernehme und glaubhaffte Leider projection gethan hatt und daß Philosophische ☉. noch in guter Bewahr.” The manuscript is generally highly reliable, but its copyist occasionally deciphered his source incorrectly.

52 Chymiphilus, Der wahren Chymischen Weisheit Offenbahrung, 72: “dem Churfürsten von Cöln … mit einem Gran siebenzehen Loth Bley in das beste Gold tingiret hat.”

53 AA I, vol. 3, nrs. 90, 100, 411, 414, 428; AA III, vol. 3, nrs. 242, 250–52, 255–56, 260, 266, 278 (on 491), 281, 287–88, 293 (on 511), 312 (on 551–52).

54 Halle, Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek: Ms. Yg 23 8° B, fol. 78v. Comp. AA III, vol. 3, p. LIV.

55 AA III, vol. 3, nr. 288, on 505: “daß bley bekam allerley farben, hochroth, gelbe und hochblau, und währet lange, … unterdeßen funde man kleine granula von goldt.”

56 AA III, vol. 3, nr. 312, on 551–52.

57 FC, fol. 196r/v: “viel vornehme herren mit der tinctur betrogen.”

58 FC, fols. 102r, 102v–3r: “das gröste Geheimbnüß von der Welt”; “Etwas von Seiner tinctur … Umb 3 oder 4 Kornergen.”

59 FC, fol. 7v: “angegebene proben der tincturen alß in forma Sicca sowohl, alß liquida, benebst der medicina universalis zu erhalten.”

60 FC, fol. 6r: “bewusten Scripta in Verschloßenem bewahr hinterlaßen.”

61 Comp. the broadsheet “Nachdenckliche Gedancken Uber die nechstverwichene Feuers-Brunst in Hamburg/ So geschehen den 23 Junii Anno 1684” (Hamburg, 1684).

62 FC, fol. 10r/v.

63 FD, vol. II, 331: “NB Abends bekam Ich von des Rittmeister Vierrarhts Brudern die wichtigen Manuscripta, war kostbahr Ein Gebunden NB NB NB.” As the verb is singular and I am confident that only a single manuscript was involved, I have translated the plural form manuscripta as singular.

64 FC, fols. 11r, 12r: “im anfang 9bris”; “dieses ist sonst wie mihrs selbst zum Memorial beygelegt gehabt.”

65 G, fol. 1r/v.

66 FC, fol. 104r: “Daß der Große brandt zu Hamburg Im auch Ungelegenheit Gemacht.” Friedrich addressed Vierordt using the third person singular; for the sake of clarity, this is not reflected in my translations.

67 FD, vol. III, 597. A similar attempt at Hannover had remained unsuccessful: comp. AA I, vol. 3, nr. 100, on 127.

68 E.g. Richard L. Hills, Papermaking in Britain 1488–1988: A Short History, 2nd ed. (London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2015), 2; Carla Meyer and Bernd Schneidmüller, “Zwischen Pergament und Papier,” in Materiale Textkulturen: Konzepte – Materialien – Praktiken, ed. Thomas Meier, Michael R. Ott, and Rebecca Sauer (Berlin: de Gruyter, 2015), 349–54; Owen Davies, Grimoires: A History of Magic Books (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 23–24.

69 L, “Grund Mäßiges Bedencken Uber beygehenden Tractat genant daß Güldene Testament,” fols. 47r–54v, on fols. 47v–48v; AA III, vol. 5, nr. 182, on 623–24. On Bodenhausen, see Charlotte Wahl, “Between Cosmopolitanism and Nationalism: The Role of Expatriates in the Dissemination of Leibniz’s Differential Calculus,” Almagest 5 (2014): 41–68, on 44–50.

70 G, fol. 22r; FD, vol. II, 404: “Vormittags Erst den wichtigen Process des Verohrt Und Gottmans Gelesen.”

71 Titled “Præparirung des ” (Friedrich) and “Joh. Gottmans erster theil betr. Particular auf Weis undt Roth” (Waitz), both of these can be found in Gotha, TLA–SA: GA, E XI, Nr. 104 (6). On Waitz, see FD, vol. III, 10; Martin Mulsow, “Philalethes in Deutschland: Alchemische Experimente am Gothaer Hof 1679–1683,” in Goldenes Wissen: Die Alchemie – Substanzen, Synthesen, Symbolik, ed. Petra Feuerstein-Herz and Stefan Laube (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2016), 139–54; Martin Mulsow, Flüchtige Aufklärung: Grauzonen der Publizistik und Hofkommunikation um 1700 (Gotha: Forschungszentrum Gotha der Universität Erfurt, 2014), 84–86.

72 FD, vol. II, 413: “bis abends 5 Uhr in processu Philosoph. Gottm.” Unlike elsewhere, I have omitted the editors’ extrapolations; contrary to their suggestion of reading “Philosophorum,” I believe we should read “Philosophico.”

73 Gotha, TLA–SA: GA, E XI, Nr. 104 (6), untitled laboratory diary: “NB. Just process Meßig gott lob alles abgangen bis Itzo dato abends 8 Uhr.”

74 Gotha, TLA–SA: GA, E XI, Nr. 104 (6), untitled laboratory diary: “♀ Vorm[i]ttags 9. Uhr das glaß im Nahmen Gottes ins Balneum gesetzet. Der Herr laße Es Wohl gelingen Amen.”

75 Gotha, TLA–SA: GA, E XI, Nr. 104 (6), “Neu Wieder angefangene Arbeit.”

76 FC, fol. 108r/v: “1. Ob das Universal So Itzo Unter handen Ist Und Er selbsten die arbeit Sehet, Auß dem principio Seines Mir Uber Sendeten Process gehet. Oder 2. ob Es auß dem andern process den Sein Vetter Gottmann hat gehet.”

77 FC, fol. 35r/v: “pro 1. gehet die universal arbeit nach dem proces wie ich Ihn durch meinen Bruder gesanden, die schrifften so der Cammerrhat Gottman hat, haben zwar eben selbigen uhrsprung ex Sale, in modo procedendi aber seind Sie nicht richtig, und mit fleiß versetzt, gleich Ew. Hochfl. Durchl. selbst högst vermuthlich werde Judiciren können, wan Sie die labeur werden penetriren. pro 2. bin ich gewis und versichert dz der proces ex sale und rore hier unterhanden.”

78 Gotha, TLA–SA: GA, E XI, Nr. 103, fol. 2r: “schoon put water.”

79 G, fol. 20r: “In dem Monat Maii oder Junii wan der Mond voll ist, … bey hellem klaren wetter, … mit dem Tag und Oest oder Südwesten wind hernieder felt und tawet … daß er weder Graß, kraut oder Jedes geringsten berühret habe.”

80 Johann Anton Söldner, Fegfeuer der Chymisten, Worinnen Für Augen gestellt die wahren Besitzer der Kunst; Wie auch die Ketzer/ Betrieger/ Sophisten und Herren gern-Grosse (Amsterdam, 1702), fol. C6v: “Πολλὴ ϕαντασιά. … Vuyrrort und dessen Guthmannischer Process.”

81 FC, fol. 115r/v: “bey die 3000 thl. … Und noch zur Zeit nicht Sehe Was Ich dar Vor bekommen soll daß So viehl Wehrt Wer, denn Ob er mir Wohl auff 1. loht tinctur Vertröstung gemachet, So Ist sie mir nach seinem Vorigen berichte zu dieser ersetzung nichts nützet, [sic] denn Sie nur 10 thl. tingiret, Und also nur 40 Ducaten in allem auß tragen. Uber dieses So Ist Dieses loht Tinctur zur augmentation nichts nütze, denn Sie Schon mitt dem ☉ Versetzet, Und Wirdt Er sich Erinnern daß ich Von der Ün impregnirten Tinctur Wie Sie auß dem Glaße kombt, 1. loht gerne haben Wolte.”

82 Gotha, TLA–SA: GA, E XI, Nr. 72, fols. 211v–12r: “Waß Sonsten den Vierrohrt Anlangendt Ist mir deßen bishero Gefuhrtes liederliches leben ziemblich kund Worden, Ist mir auch … Schon Wißend daß Er im Laboriren Und deßen Principiis Ein Ignorant, Und Sonsten Nichts operirt, habe Ihn auch nicht des W[e]g[en] auß Geschicket. Und kan Wohl Seyn daß Er Es Vorgebe Alß Wen Ich Ihn nach Englandt Und Franckreich außgeschickt hett Worvon Mir aber nicht Wiß[en]dt.”

83 FD, vol. II, 357: “dar Mitt den Gantzen Vormittag im lesen zugebracht.”

84 FC, fols. 70r, 71r–74v.

85 FC, fols. 177v, 190r, 191v, 192v. For Vierordt’s perspective, see fols. 38v, 71r.

86 FC, fol. 176v.

87 FC, fols. 193v–94r.

88 FC, fols. 184r, 184v, 182r–83v.

89 FC, fol. 179r/v.

90 FC, fols. 71r–74v.

91 FD, vol. II, 309, 326. Comp. Mulsow, Flüchtige Aufklärung, 81–84.

92 FC, fol. 180r: “niemahls als in Gotha eins, mit Herrn Vierord gesprochen.”

93 FC, fols. 170r, 173r, 175r/v.

94 FC, fol. 97v.

95 Acxtelmeier, Des aus der Finsternus erretteten Natur-Liechts … Fünffter Theil, 17.

96 Amsterdam, Stadsarchief: 5001 – Archief van de Burgerlijke Stand, DTB 1195, p. 144.

97 The dates of Vierordt’s Oldenburg letters as quoted by Hellwig are as follows: 21/31 September, 24 September/4 October, 11/21 October, 18 and 25 October (both Old Style?); comp. FC, fols. 179v–81r.

98 13/23 and 16/26 September, 23 September/3 October 1684 (twice), 4/14 October, 14/24 October 1684; comp. FC, fols. 13r–34r.

99 FC, fol. 186v: “in Leiden (nicht die Stadt Leyden, denn er diese gantze reise dorthin mit keinem fuße kommen, sondern in Verdrießligkeit, und wegen der nachspührenden gläubiger in freywilligen Arreste) gewesen.”

100 FC, fol. 176v: “bey einem teutschen Schmiede nahmens Meister Dirck, über 4. Wochen  … heimlich auffgehalten.”

101 FC, fol. 187v: “Ich kann leute produciren, denen er seinen universel-process secretissimè für groß geld verkaufft, und mit vielen treuen eiden versichert, daß es die wahre copie von seines verstorbenen ohms originali wäre, doch, dieweil unter so vielen nicht 2. copien zusammen stimmten, sondern nach gethaner communication derer sämtlichen interessirten gesehen worden, daß eine copie nur könte wahr, und die übrigen Schrifften und eide falsch müsten seyn, ist ihnen der Muht entfallen, und haben auch sämtlich im ende der arbeit mit großem verdruß effectum nullitatis gefunden.”

102 AA III, vol. 5, nr. 182, on 623: “das güldene Testament.” See also vol. 6, nr. 19, on 54.

103 On scarcity with regard to magical manuscripts, see Bellingradt and Otto, Magical Manuscripts, 29–45.

104 S, fol. 80v: “ein fein süßes, doch sehr pænetrant und trüncklich ∇. welches die philosophoci [sic] mit gar wunderlichen Nahmen verborgen.”

105 L, fol. 43r: “der ☿ aller wahrhafften Philosophen: daß ∇ worauß ☉ und ☽ geworden.” G, fol. 23r: “unser Himmels Taw ein Wasser des lebens.”

106 H, 502: “25. tropfen eingenommen, stärcket die Vernunft, das Gedächtnis, machet fromb, und offenbahret Wunderliche dinge.”

107 The other exception is H, which here mistakenly includes a passage from a section it largely omits; comp. the placement of the passage beginning “die Jungfrau mit imbrünstigen Glauben” to “stehet dieser processus in seiner figur, wie hernach folget” in H, 499–501; [Gottmann], “Speculum Sapientiæ,” 20–22.

Additional information

Funding

The research for this paper was supported by a Herzog Ernst Scholarship (2015) of the Fritz Thyssen Foundation for a sojourn at the Research Centre Gotha of the University of Erfurt and an Early Postdoc.Mobility Fellowship (2017/2018) of the Swiss National Science Foundation.

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