Electroanalytical Methods for the Determination of Pharmaceuticals: A Review of Recent Trends and Developments

Abstract

Electroanalysis is a powerful analytical technique that is increasing in utility in the pharmaceutical industry. It is used as an alternative or complementary technique to spectrophotometric and separation techniques due to its high sensitivity, speed of analysis, reduction in solvent and sample consumption, and low operating cost compared to other analytical methods. A review of the principles and application of modern electroanalytical techniques, namely, cyclic, linear sweep, differential pulse, square wave and stripping voltammetric techniques, is presented. This review gives recent pharmaceutical analysis applications used for each mode of electroanalytical chemistry. The review will also describe recent developments for enhancing concentration limits of detection, electrode types, and so forth. Selected studies on these subjects are given as examples.

Keywords:

• Cyclic voltammetry
• Electroanalysis
• Pharmaceutical products
• Pulse techniques
• Stripping techniques

Notes

Abbreviations: GC: glassy carbon; HMDE: Hanging mercury drop electrode; CV: Cyclic voltammetry; LSV: Linear sweep voltammetry; CPE: Carbon Paste electrode; SPCE: Screen printed carbon electrode; SMDE: Static mercury drop electrode; BDDE: Boron-deped diamond electrode; MWCNT CPE: Multi walled carbon nano tubes carbon paste electrode.

Abbreviations: SAM Au Electrode: scanning automatic microscobe Au electrode; HMDE: Hanging mercury drop electrode; SWV: Square wave voltammetry; DC:Direct current; DPV: Differential pulse voltammetry; NPV: Normal pulse voltammetry; LSV: Linear sweep voltammetry; SMDE: Static mercury drop electrode; GCE: Glassy carbon electrode; Modified CPE: Modified carbon paste electrode; ds-DNA modified PGE: Double stranded DNA modified pencil graphide electrode; MWCNT-CPE: multi walled carbon nano tubes –carbon paste electrode; SWCNT modified CPE: single walled carbon nano tubes modified carbon paste electrode.

Abbreviations: HMDE: Hanging mercury drop electrode; SWNT: Single wall carbon nanotube; EPPGE: Modified edge plane pyrolytic graphite electrode; SMDE: Static mercury drop electrode; PGE: Pencil graphite electrode; NGITO: Nano-gold particles modified indium tin oxide; SPCE: Screen-printed carbon electrode.

Abbreviations: CSV: Cathodic stripping voltammetry; ASV: Anodic stripping voltammetry; SMDE: Static mercury drop electrode; HMDE: Hanging mercury drop electrode; CSPE: Carbon screen printed electrode; SWV: Square wave voltammetry; DPV: Differential pulse voltammetry; GCE: Glassy carbon electrode; CPE: Carbon paste electrode.

Abbreviations: HMDE: Hanging mercury drop electrode; SMDE: Static mercury drop electrode; SAM Au Electrode: Self-assembled monolayers Au electrode; PGE: Pencil graphite electrode; SWV: Square wave voltammetry; DPV: Differential pulse voltammetry; SMDE: Static mercury drop electrode; CGDME: conrolled growed dropping mercury electrode; GCE: Glassy carbon electrode; CPE: Carbon paste electrode; MWCNT-CPE: multi walled carbon nano tubes–carbon paste electrode; PSA: Potentiometric stripping analysis.