Biosensors for Biogenic Amines: The Present State of Art Mini-Review

Abstract

The analysis of biogenic amines in fresh and processed food is of great importance not only for the potential risk these compounds have on human health, but also because these amines can perform as chemical indicators of food quality and enable the assessment of food processing conditions and/or microbial contamination.

A good option for a rapid detection of biogenic amines is the application of biosensors, as these devices enable the obtainment of results in a few minutes without pretreatment of the analyzed material. Biosensors for biogenic amines comprise various combinations of different enzymes for selective biorecognition and signal transduction systems and are based on different signal mechanisms. The present review gives a condensed overview of the recent developments and issues in the construction of biosensors for the detection of most common biogenic amines found in food and other protein-containing material.

Keywords:

• Biogenic amines
• Biosensor
• Review

Abbreviations:

• AO: amine oxidase (copper-containing EC 1.4.3.6
• EC entry deleted in 2008 and replaced by EC 1.4.3.21 and EC 1.4.3.22)
• APTES: 3-aminopropyltriethoxy-silane
• AUH: agmatinase (EC 3.5.3.11)
• BA: biogenic amine
• BSA: bovine serum albumin
• Cad: cadaverine
• CNTS: carbon nanotubes
• CPG: aminopropyl controlled pore glass
• DAO: diamine oxidase (EC 1.4.3.22)
• DET: direct electron transfer
• DMS: dimethyl sulphate
• EDAC: 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (hydrochloride)
• Fe-COOH: ferrocene carboxylic acid
• FMO3: flavin-containing mono-oxygenase type-3 (EC 1.14.13.8)
• GA: glutaraldehyde
• GCE: glassy carbon electrode
• GMBS: γ-Maleimidobutyric N-hydroxysuccinimide ester
• His: histamine
• HOMeFc: hydroxymethylferrocene
• HRP: horseradish peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.6)
• MADH: methylamine dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.99.3)
• MAO: monoamine oxidase (EC 1.4.3.21)
• PβNAP: poly-β-naphtol
• PAO: polyamine oxidase (EC 1.5.3.11)
• PDDA: poly(diallyldimethylammonium) chloride
• PEGDE: poly(ethylene glycol) (400) diglycidyl ether
• photoHEMA: photo2-hydroxyethyl metacrylate
• PO: putrescine oxidase (EC 1.4.3.10)
• PPY: poly-pyrrole
• Put: putrescine
• PVA-SbQ: polyvinyl alcohol containing stilbazolium groups
• PVI_{13 or 7}-dmeOs poly(1-vinylimidazole) with [osmium(4,4′-dimethylbipyridine)₂Cl^+/+2]
• PVP-Os: poly[(4-vinylpyridine)Os(bipyridyl)₂Cl^2+/3+]
• SNHS: suberic acid bis(N-hydroxysuccinimide ester)
• Spd: spermidine
• SPEs: screen-printed electrodes
• Spm: spermine
• TMA: trimethylamine
• Try: tryptamine
• Tyr: tyramine

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by Estonian Science Foundation Grant no. 7465.