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Abstract
The increasing demand of faster, less expensive, easier, and more environmentally-friendly methods has favored the miniaturization of systems for sample preparation. These new procedures have led to lower reagent and materials consumption and waste production. One extraction technique recently introduced is based on the use of hollow fibers as support to liquid membranes which enables the extraction with solvents of a different nature from a donor external phase to an acceptor phase inside the lumen of the fiber.
This is an up-to-date comprehensive review on the analytical applications of hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction (HF-LPME) that includes two and three-phase configurations, carried-mediated extraction and electromembrane extraction. A brief review on the basic extraction principles for these techniques, describing and discussing the different operation and configuration modes, has been carried out.
Supplementary materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Analytical Letters for the following free supplemental resources: Additional tables.
Notes
*Quantitation limit.
MSTFA = N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide; OCPs = organochlorine pesticides; OPPs = organophosphorus pesticides; OSPs = organosulfur pesticides; PCBs = polychlorinated biphenyls pesticides; PAHs = Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
*Quantitation limit.
*Quantitation limit.
[bmim]PF6 = 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate; [omim][PF6] = 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate.
[C8MIM][PF6] = 1-Octyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate; TBP = Tributyl phosphate; TOPO = trioctylphosphine oxide.
*Quantitation limit.
[C8MIM][PF6] = 1-Octyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate; PDTC = Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate; TBA = Tetrabutylammonium.