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FLOW INJECTION ANALYSIS

Increased Sensitivity Spectrophotometric Flow Analysis Method for Copper Determination in Water Samples

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Pages 2899-2911 | Received 17 Apr 2013, Accepted 19 Jun 2013, Published online: 21 Nov 2013
 

Abstract

A reverse configured flow injection system was developed for the determination of copper in water samples. In this study, a bathocuproine disulfonic acid copper complexing reagent was used. In the presence of a reducing agent (hydroxylamine), the formation of complex was monitored at 484 nm. The determination range extended from 1 to 40 µg L−1, with an applicable determination rate of 40 h−1. The developed method was applied to the determination of copper in water samples (estuarine, river, and drinking water) and showed good accuracy (z-score below 2). The detection limit of 0.7 µg L−1 copper is consistent with the requirement of the target water samples. The developed method was also used for the comparison of different spectrophotometric flow cells. Alternative flow cells (U, Z shaped, and the liquid waveguide capillary cell) were compared in terms of their sensitivity and response to refractive index changes.

Acknowledgments

I. V. Tóth thanks Fundo Social Europeu (FSE) and Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior (MCTES) for the financial support through the POPH-QREN program. The authors also thank to Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT, Portugal) for financial support through national funds on project PEst-C/EQB/LA0006/2011.

Notes

a according to Ruzicka and Hansen (Citation1988).

a Values within brackets correspond to the limits of the 95% confidence intervals for the estimated regression parameters (4 different standard solutions in the range between 2 to 20 µg L−1of Cu, injected in triplicate).

a Values in parentheses correspond to the standard deviation of the estimated equation parameters from three consecutive working days.

a mean and standard deviation (n = 3).

b assessed based on a calibration curve performed using standard solutions with 15 g L−1 NaCl.

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