Determination of Cadmium(II) by Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV) Using a Cerium(IV) Oxide: Polyaniline Composite Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode (GCE)

Abstract

A novel electrochemical sensing platform based on differential pulse voltammetry was prepared for selective determination of Cd(II). A glassy carbon electrode as the substrate and cerium (IV) oxide-polyaniline (CeO₂-PANI) composite as the modification material were employed. Various structural and electrochemical methods characterized the CeO₂-PANI composite and CeO₂-PANI modified electrode. The CeO₂-PANI composite modified electrode presented high electrocatalytic activity for the reduction of Cd(II) compared to CeO₂ and PANI modified electrodes. The influence of the supporting electrolyte and pH of solution was investigated upon the analyte response, and the optimum conditions were determined. The CeO₂-PANI composite modified electrode displayed a large linear range from 1.0 to 1000 μmol L⁻¹ for Cd(II) with a limit of detection of 8.59 nmol L⁻¹ in Britton-Robinson (B-R) buffer at pH 5.0. This electrode exhibited selectivity against other electroactive species such as Pb(II), Zn(II), and Cu(II). Furthermore, the designed electrochemical platform was successfully utilized to determine spiked Cd(II) in various samples, including honey, milk, and lake and tap water.

Keywords:

• Cadmium ions
• cerium (IV) oxide nanoparticles
• differential pulse voltammetry (DPV)
• glassy carbon electrode (GCE)
• polyaniline

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