Preconcentration and Determination of Palladium by Solvent-Free Microextraction and Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS) in Environmental Samples

Abstract

An alternative methodology based on the combination of microextraction with flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) is reported for the determination of Pd²⁺ in environmental samples. Cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) was used as a cationic surfactant and a precipitating agent. The method involves the formation of a PdI₄²⁻ complex with Pd²⁺ in the presence of iodide and CTAB causes PdI₄²⁻ to precipitate. The method was performed using 0.01% (w/v) CTAB and 0.1% (w/v) KI in 35 mL 0.1% (v/v) nitric acid for the preconcentration of Pd²⁺. Under the optimized conditions, the calibration curve was linear between 20 and 170 μg L⁻¹ with a correlation coefficient of 0.9964. The limit of detection and preconcentration factor were 2.4 µg L⁻¹ and 35 for Pd²⁺. The results showed that this solvent-free microextraction is simple and sensitive for the preconcentration and determination of micrograms per liter of Pd²⁺ in seawater, stream water, and road dust with 94% to 103% spiked recoveries.

Keywords:

• Cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB)
• environmental analysis
• flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS)
• microextraction
• palladium

Conflict of interest

There are no competing financial interests involving the authors.

Additional information

Funding

The authors acknowledge financial support by the Scientific Research Projects of Giresun University (Project 250221-24), Turkey.