Science, industry, and the German Bildungsbürgertum

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Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Notes

1 David Cahan, Helmholtz: A Life in Science (Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 2018).

2 M. Norton Wise, Aesthetics, Industry, and Science: Hermann von Helmholtz and the Berlin Physical Society (Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 2018).

3 David Cahan, An Institute for an Empire: The Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt, 1871–1918 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989).

4 On these experiments, see also Frederic L. Holmes and Kathryn M. Olesko, ‘The Images of Precision: Helmholtz and the Graphical Method in Physiology’, in The Values of Precision, ed. by M. Norton Wise (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995), pp. 198–221.

5 Heinz-Elmar Tenorth (ed.), Geschichte der Universität unter den Linden, 1810–2010, Genese der Disziplinen: die Konstitution der Universität (Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 2012).

6 Pamela H. Smith, ‘Laboratories,’ in The Cambridge History of Science, Vol. 3: Early Modern Science, ed. by Katharine Park and Lorraine Daston (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 290–305; Ursula Klein, ‘The Laboratory Challenge: Some Revisions of the Standard Picture of Early Modern Experimentation,’ Isis 99, no. 4 (2008), 769–82.

7 Ursula Klein, Technoscience in History: Prussia, 1750–1850 (Cambridge: MIT Press, in press).

8 See also Laura Otis, Müller’s Lab (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007).

9 Klein, Technoscience in History.

10 Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften (ed.), DWDS – Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache. Das Wortauskunftssystem zur deutschen Sprache in Geschichte und Gegenwart, https://www.dwds.de/wb/Bildungsbürgertum.

11 Jürgen Kocka, Unternehmensverwaltung und Angestelltengesellschaft am Beispiel Siemens 1847–1914 (Stuttgart: Klett 1969), pp. 167–68.

12 Klein, Technoscience in History. See also Kathryn M. Olesko, ‘Germany,’ in The Cambridge History of Science, Vol. 8, Modern Science in National, Transnational, and Global Context, ed. by Hugh Richard Slotten, Ronald L. Numbers, and David N. Livingstone (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, in press).