(Stop) Talking About Victorian Science

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Notes

¹Donald Cardwell, The Organization of Science in England (London, 1972); Colin Russell, Science and Social Change, 1700–1900 (London, 1983); Marie Boas Hall, All Scientists Now: The Royal Society in the Nineteenth Century (Cambridge, 1984).

²A particularly fine recent overview is Bernard Lightman (ed.), Victorian Science in Context (Chicago, 1997).

³Susan F. Cannon, Science in Culture: The Early Victorian Period (New York, 1978) and Walter F. Cannon, ‘Scientists and Broad Churchmen: an early Victorian Intellectual Network’, Journal of British Studies, 4 (1964), 65–88; Robert M. Young, Darwin's Metaphor: Nature's Place in Victorian Culture (Cambridge, 1985).

⁴Jack Morrell and Arnold Thackray, Gentlemen of Science: The Early Years of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (Oxford, 1982); Ian Inkster and Jack Morrell (eds), Metropolis & Province: Science in British Culture, 1750–1850 (London, 1983); Roger Cooter, The Cultural Meaning of Popular Science: Phrenology and the Organization of Consent in Nineteenth-Century Britain (Cambridge, 1984); Pietro Corsi, Science and Religion: Baden Powell and the Anglican Debate (Cambridge, 1988). More recently, Iwan Rhys Morus, Frankenstein's Children: Electricity, Exhibition and Experiment in early Nineteenth-Century London (Princeton, NJ, 1998).

⁵Robert Kargon, Science in Victorian Manchester: Enterprise and Expertise (Manchester, UK, 1977); Morris Berman, Social Change and Scientific Organization: The Royal Institution, 1799–1844 (London, 1978); Peter Alter, The Reluctant Patron: Science and the State in Britain, 1850–1920 (Oxford, 1987).

⁶David P. Miller, ‘Between Hostile Camps: Sir Humphry Davy's Presidency of the Royal Society of London, 1824–27’, British Journal for the History of Science, 16 (1983), 1–47; idem, ‘Method and the Micropolitics of Science: The early Years of the Geological and Astronomical Societies’, in The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific Method, edited by John Schuster and Richard Yeo (Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1986); David P. Miller, ‘The ‘Hardwicke Circle’: The Whig Supremacy and its Demise in the 18th Century Royal Society’, Notes & Records of the Royal Society, 52 (1998), 73–91; Roy McLeod, ‘Whigs and Savants: Reflections on the Reform Movement in the Royal Society, 1830–48’, in Inkster and Morrell (note 3); Iwan Rhys Morus, ‘Correlation and Control: William Robert Grove and the Construction of a New Philosophy of Scientific Reform’, Studies in History & Philosophy of Science, 22 (1991), 589–621.

⁷Stefan Collini, Public Moralists: Political Thought and Intellectual Life in Britain, 1850–1930 (Oxford, 1993).

⁸Exemplary case-studies in this respect are Martin Rudwick, The Great Devonian Controversy: The Shaping of Scientific Knowledge among Gentlemanly Specialists (Chicago, 1985); James Secord, Controversy in Victorian Geology: The Cambrian–Silurian Dispute (Princeton, NJ, 1986).

⁹Roger Cooter and Stephen Pumfrey, ‘Separate Spheres and Public Places: Reflections on the History of Science Popularization and Science in Popular Culture’, History of Science, 32 (1994), 237–67.

¹⁰Morus, (note 3); Aileen Fyfe, Science and Salvation: Evangelical Popular Science Publishing in Victorian Britain (Chicago, 2004).

¹¹Samuel Alberti, ‘Placing Nature: Natural History Collections and their Owners in Nineteenth-century Provincial England’, British Journal for the History of Science, 35 (2002) 291–311; Anne Secord, ‘Science in the Pub: Artisan Botanists in early 19th-century Lancashire’, History of Science, 32 (1994), 269–315.

¹²Thomas W. Heyck, The Transformation of Intellectual Life in Victorian England (London, 1983); A. J. Engel, From Clergyman to Don: The Rise of the Academic Profession in 19th Century Oxford (Oxford, 1984).

¹³Books (and periodicals), as objects as well as texts, have received renewed attention not only by historians of Victorian science, but of science more generally. An important case-study is James Secord, Victorian Sensation: The Extraordinary Publication, Reception and Secret Authorship of Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation (Chicago, 2001). For a recent overview, see Jon Topham, ‘Scientific Readers: A View from the Industrial Age’, Isis, 95 (2004), 431–42.

¹⁴Harold Perkin, ,The Rise of Professional Society: Enland since 1880 (London, 1989).

¹⁵Patrick Joyce, Visions of the People: Industrial England and the Question of Class, 1848–1914 (Cambridge, 1991); idem., Democratic Subjects: The Self and the Social in Nineteenth-century England (Cambridge, 1994); Dror Wahrman, Imagining the Middle Class: The Political Representation of Class in Britain, 1780–1840 (Cambridge, 1995).

¹⁶Cooter and Pumfrey (note 8).

¹⁷Adrian Desmond, ‘Redefining the X Axis: ‘Professionals’, ‘Amateurs and the Making of Mid-Victorian Biology—A Progress Report’, Journal of the History of Biology, 34 (2001), 3–50.

¹⁸An exemplary early example is Martin Rudwick, ‘Charles Darwin in London: The Integration of Public and Private Science’, Isis, 73 (1982), 186–206. For discussions of science and space, see Jon Agar and Crosbie Smith (eds), Making Space for Science: Territorial Themes in the Making of Knowledge (London, 1998); David Livingstone, Putting Science in its Place (Chicago, 2003).

¹⁹Interesting and important in this respect is Andrew Warwick, Masters of Theory: Cambridge and the Rise of Mathematical Physics (Chicago, 2003) and idem., ‘Exercising the Student Body: Mathematics and Athleticism in Victorian Cambridge’, in Science Incarnate: Historical Embodiments of Natural Knowledge, edited by Christopher Lawrence and Steven Shapin (Chicago, 1998), pp. 288–326.

²⁰Simon Schaffer, ‘Late Victorian Metrology and its Instrumentation: A Manufactory of Ohms’, in Invisible Connections: Instruments, Institutions and Science, edited by Robert Bud and Susan Cozzens (Bellingham, WA, 1992), pp. 23–56; Simon Schaffer, ‘Where Experiments End: Tabletop Trials in Victorian Astronomy’, in Scientific Practice: Theories and Stories of Doing Physics, edited by Jed Z. Buchwald (Chicago, 1995), pp. 157–89; Simon Schaffer, ‘Accurate Measurement is an English Science’, Values of Precision, edited by Norton Wise (Princeton, NJ, 1995), pp. 135–72.

²¹John R. R. Christie, ‘Aurora, Nemesis and Clio’, British Journal for the History of Science, 26 (1993) 391–405.

²²See James Secord, ‘Knowledge in Transit’, Isis, 95 (2004) 654–72.