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Abstract
The inhalation of chemicals initiates responses which can be grouped into four areas: (1) the airways which respond by bronchoconstriction to initiate the cough reflex; (2) the bronchial blood vessels which undergo changes to reduce absorption of the chemical substances via the bronchial mucosa; (3) the pulmonary blood vessels which respond to reduce absorption of the toxic irritants via the alveolar capillaries; and (4) the heart and systemic vessels which retard the distribution of the chemical substance to the vital organs.