Sensitivity of the Eyes to Airborne Irritant Stimuli: Influence of Individual Characteristics

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to measure trigeminal sensitivity of the eyes to irritative exposures and to examine the influence of individual characteristics, e.g., gender, age, and smoking, on this sensitivity. During an experimental study, 158 of 2 025 randomly selected volunteers were examined for sensory irritation threshold in the eyes to carbon dioxide (CO₂). Eyes were exposed to progressive concentrations of CO₂ (10, 20, 40, 80, and 160 ml/l), until the subject claimed a distinct irritation. Each exposure level lasted 2 min. A special exposure mask system was used for eyes-only exposure. No significant dependence of gender or smoking was found, but subjects who were less than 40 y of age were more sensitive than were the elderly subjects. Subjects who reported frequent “sick building syndrome” irritation symptoms had lower thresholds (i.e., higher sensitivity). The CO₂ threshold was related to skin irritation sensitivity, i.e., response to lactic acid smeared on the cheek, and there were indications that occupational stress was associated with low thresholds. Studies of irritation to n-decane indicate that the CO₂ threshold may be an important factor in the prediction of individual sensitivity to irritation from airborne pollutants. The CO₂ threshold of the eyes may be of value in the evaluation of hypersensitivity to indoor air pollution. Furthermore, the threshold may be used to assess important relationships between the different trigeminal innervated areas, e.g., skin and eyes. Finally, the method has the advantage of avoiding interference from olfactory stimulation.