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Notes
1 In his 2002 State of the Union address, President George W. Bush (Citation2015) called for military action in the Middle East and warned that Iran was among countries that constituted an “axis of evil, arming to threaten the peace of the world” (1:01). Tavakolian responded to this characterization in 2006 with her photo essay, “Women in the Axis of Evil” (LACMA, Citation2019).
2 Iranian law states that girls and women over the age of 9 must wear veils in public. Newsha Tavakolian assured me that both “hijab” and “veil” are appropriate terms to use (personal communication, October 13, 2019).
3 The collection can be seen on Magnum Photos.
4 The Iran–Iraq war began in September 1980, a year after the Islamic Revolution, when Ayatollah Khomeini came into power in Iran. Iraq’s leader, Saddam Hussein, invaded Iran in a border dispute. Over the next 8 years, the war devastated both countries. Although they vary widely, some estimates cite half a million deaths on both sides (Axworthy, Citation2013).
5 After the death of the Prophet Mohammad, his grandson Hosein (Hussein) became a martyr in the fight to regain the caliphate for his family. Hosein’s death is celebrated each year in predominately Shiite Iran, with speeches, plays, and processions (Axworthy, Citation2013). The soldiers who died in the Islamic Revolution and the Iran–Iraq war are also venerated as martyrs (Sciolino, Citation2000).
6 Quaker Meeting for Worship is a religious service in which participants sit together in unprogrammed silence. If a participant feels moved to speak, they may stand and voice their thoughts to the group. This is followed by time to reflect on the speaker’s words. At Greene Street Friends School, students, faculty, and staff join together in Quaker Meeting weekly.
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Marie Huard
Marie Huard, Doctoral Student in Art Education, Pennsylvania State University. Email: [email protected]. She wrote this Instructional Resource while teaching art at Greene Street Friends School in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.