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Environmental Sciences

A Top-Down Approach to the State Factor Paradigm for Use in Macroscale Soil Analysis

Pages 1-12 | Received 01 Aug 2007, Accepted 01 Sep 2008, Published online: 14 Dec 2009
 

Abstract

This article explains the need for an alternative conceptual framework for conducting macroscale soil geographic research. A top-down approach to the classic state factor paradigm is then described and illustrated by revisiting the idea of soil zonality to investigate the relationship between climate and soil character across the contiguous United States. Although many macroscale soil maps suggest strong relationships between soil properties and climate, few studies have explicitly demonstrated those relationships using unclassified point observations. Data from 10,661 sample points were analyzed using geographically weighted regression (GWR) models to describe the geography of the relationship between A-horizon soil properties and climate. In addition, macroscale soil property surfaces were interpolated from measured point samples visually to assess the validity of the zonal soil concepts. Results suggest many interesting relationships between climate and surface soil character. Local-scale soil variability related to topography and parent material was not found to exceed macroscale variability related to climate. Three of the four surface soil properties analyzed exhibited strong zonality, thus lending support to the concept of zonal soils. GWR was found to be an excellent tool for use in macroscale geographic soil research because of the coefficient maps that the procedure yields.

En este artículo se explica la necesidad de un marco conceptual alternativo para realizar investigación geográfica del suelo en macroescala. Una aproximación en detalle al clásico paradigma de factores de estado se describe e ilustra volviendo sobre la idea de la zonalidad pedológica para investigar las relaciones entre el clima y el carácter del suelo a través de los Estados Unidos contiguos. Aunque muchos de los mapas del suelo en macroescala sugieren fuertes relaciones entre las propiedades del suelo y el clima, pocos son los estudios que han demostrado explícitamente tales relaciones por medio del uso de observaciones puntuales. Se analizaron los datos de 10.661 puntos de muestra utilizando modelos de regresión geográficamente ponderada (GWR, por su sigla en inglés) para describir la geografía de la relación entre las propiedades del horizonte A del suelo y el clima. Adicionalmente, se interpolaron superficies de las propiedades del suelo en macroescala, desde puntos de muestra medidos visualmente para evaluar la validez de los conceptos de suelos zonales. Los resultados sugieren varias relaciones interesantes entre el clima y el carácter de la superficie del suelo. Se descubrió que la variabilidad del suelo a escala local, en relación con topografía y material parental, no excedía la variabilidad relacionada con clima a macroescala. Tres de las cuatro propiedades superficiales del suelo analizadas exibían fuerte zonalidad, aportando, por tanto, apoyo al concepto de los suelos zonales. Se encontró que la GWR es una excelente herramienta para utilizar en investigación de geografía de los suelos a macroescala, en vista de los mapas de coeficiente que este procedimiento genera.

Acknowledgments

I would like to thank Dr. Jennifer Miller for help with many of the statistical models. Soil data were provided by the NSSC, and the project was financially supported by the Colgate Research Council.

Notes

a aOne randomly chosen sample point per one 1,000 km2.

bOne randomly chosen sample point per one 10,000 km2.

*Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level.

**Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level.

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