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Methods, Models, and GIS

Access to Primary Health Care: Does Neighborhood of Residence Matter?

, , &
Pages 85-105 | Received 01 Jan 2011, Accepted 01 Sep 2011, Published online: 22 Jun 2012
 

Abstract

Neighborhood social and physical contexts have the ability to impact health and health behaviors of residents. One neighborhood characteristic that remains underexamined in the research is access to health care resources. This research examines potential (geographical) access to primary health care in the city of Mississauga, Ontario, Canada. A modification of the two-step floating catchment area method that better suits the study of locally relevant natural neighborhood units is presented. Potential access to health care is measured in each of Mississauga's neighborhoods considering several spatial and aspatial (i.e., social) characteristics of the population and of physicians, including the raw abundance of physicians, languages spoken by physicians and patients, and whether physicians are accepting new patients. Neighborhood-level results are compared to census tracts. The results of this analysis reveal that potential access significantly differs between neighborhoods for all spatial and aspatial dimensions of access. Accessibility is considerably reduced for linguistic minorities and for those who might not have a dedicated family physician as compared to the general population. This research contributes to the existing body of literature on neighborhoods and health by demonstrating the utility of an alternative methodology for developing a more comprehensive understanding of access to health care within natural geographical neighborhoods.

Los contextos sociales y físicos del vecindario tienen la capacidad de impactar la salud y a los comportamientos de los residentes relacionados con salud. Una característica vecinal que permanece poco estudiada en investigación es la del acceso a los recursos de atención a la salud. Esta investigación examina el acceso potencial (geográfico) a los servicios de cuidado primario de la salud de la ciudad de Mississauga, Ontario, en Canadá. Se presenta una versión modificada del método flotante de doble paso para un área determinada que mejor se acomoda al estudio de unidades barriales naturales localmente relevantes. El acceso potencial a los servicios de salud se midió en cada barrio de Mississauga tomando en cuenta varias características tanto espaciales como aespaciales (esto es, sociales) de la población y de los médicos, incluyendo la simple abundancia de médicos, idiomas hablados por los médicos y pacientes, y datos sobre si los médicos estaban aceptando nuevos pacientes. Los resultados a nivel de vecindario se comparan con los distritos censales. Los resultados de este análisis revelan que el acceso potencial difiere significativamente entre los vecindarios en todas las dimensiones espaciales y aespaciales del acceso. La accesibilidad se ve reducida considerablemente para las minorías lingüísticas y para quienes podrían no disponer de un médico de familia dedicado en comparación con lo que ocurre en la población general. Esta investigación contribuye a enriquecer el cuerpo de literatura actual sobre vecindarios y salud al demostrar la utilidad de una metodología alternativa para desarrollar un mejor entendimiento del acceso a los servicios de cuidado de la salud en vecindarios geográficos naturales.

Acknowledgement

This research was supported by an operating grant awarded to the first two authors from the Canadian Institutes for Health Research.

Notes

1. The practice location information is updated regularly by the CPSO and is considered up-to-date at the time of data retrieval. The information on whether or not physicians are accepting patients is updated annually, and this information retrieved acts as a snapshot for the year 2008.

2. It is noteworthy that Northeast 2 in the northernmost end of Mississauga (see ) has access ratios of 0.000 for all three measures of access examined thus far.

3. According to Statistics Canada, mother tongue can be defined as the first language learned in the home that is still spoken at the time the census was taken (Statistics Canada 2009).

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