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Environmental Sciences

Is Wildland Fire Increasing in Sagebrush Landscapes of the Western United States?

Pages 5-19 | Received 01 Feb 2012, Accepted 01 Aug 2012, Published online: 28 Nov 2012
 

Abstract

Wildland fire is expected to increase with global change, but responses may be spatially heterogeneous and temporally variable, complicating detection. In this study, I analyzed twenty-five years of spatial data on wildfires in woody sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) shrublands across 48 million ha of the Western United States, to test eleven hypotheses about trend and heterogeneity in wildfires. No upward trend in annual area burned was found across the whole study area, consistent with previous simulations that suggest fire may not increase in semiarid shrublands. At a finer scale, a significant trend occurred only in montane sagebrush, of five sagebrush types, and in two of seven floristic provinces. Area burned was concentrated in years with large fires. These years generally lacked or had only a weak trend, comparing two halves of the twenty-five-year period. Sagebrush types did not differ significantly in recent fire rotation, which did differ among floristic provinces and appears shorter now than historically in four provinces where nonnative cheatgrass is prominent. The largest fires (>50,000 ha) were preferentially oriented southwest to northeast, aligned with passing cold fronts with strong winds. These findings suggest that province- or larger scale climate shaped recent sagebrush fire regimes, with weak influences from sagebrush fuels, except increased fire from cheatgrass. Spatial heterogeneity, infrequent fires, a cheatgrass effect, and a short fire record limit detectability of a trend, which is not currently prominent.

森林火灾预估将随着全球气候变迁而增加, 但对火灾的反应却具有空间异质性和时间差异, 因而使得侦查工作复杂化。我将在本研究中分析美国西部占地四千八百万公顷的土地中, 二十五年来木本蒿属植物 (学名为 Artemisia spp.) 灌丛带的森林火灾空间资料, 以此测试十一项有关森林火灾的趋势与异质性假说。在研究区域中, 每年的过火面积并未发现任何升高的趋势, 此与早先的模拟认为火灾在半干旱灌木地区不会增加的主张相符。在较小的尺度中, 显著的趋势只发生在五大蒿属植物中的山区蒿属植物区和七大植物区中的二区。过火区域集中在发生大火的几年之间, 比较二十五年的前、后半趋势后发现, 这几年一般缺乏或仅有微弱的趋势。在近期的火灾轮回期中, 蒿属植物种类并无显著的差别, 但在不同的植物区中的确具有差异, 并且在非原生鬼针草盛行的四大区域中, 当下的周期较过去 显得更短。最大规模的火灾 大于五万公顷) 优先自西南方向东北方延伸, 与具有强大风势的冷锋面通过方向一致。 这些研究发现主张, 植物区或大尺度的气候形塑了近期的蒿属植物大火, 其中来自蒿属植物燃料的影响较小, 但鬼针草引发的大火增加除外。空间异质性、非经常性火灾、鬼针草效应、以及短暂的火灾纪录, 皆限制了火灾发展趋势的可侦测性, 该侦测性目前并不显著。

Se espera que la ocurrencia de fuego en tierras silvestres se incremente con el cambio global, pero las reacciones pueden ser espacialmente heterogéneas y temporalmente variables, lo cual complica la detección. Para el presente estudio, analicé los datos espaciales recogidos durante veinticinco años sobre incendios en matorrales de artemisas leñosas (Artemisia spp.) a través de 48 millones de hectáreas de los Estados Unidos occidentales, con el fin de poner aprueba once hipótesis relacionadas con las tendencias y heterogeneidad de los incendios forestales. No se encontró ninguna tendencia de incremento de la extensión anual quemada en el área de estudio, consistente con simulaciones previas, lo que sugiere que el fuego no aumentará en los matorrales de tierras semiáridas. A una escala más fina, una tendencia significativa se presentó solamente en el matorral montano, con cinco tipos de monte, y en dos de las siete provincias florísticas. El área quemada se concentra en los años que registran incendios grandes. Generalmente estos años no registraron tendencia alguna o solo la tuvieron débil, al compararse las dos mitades de un período de veinticinco años. Los tipos de matorral no difieren significativamente en la rotación del fuego reciente, rotación que si difirió entre las provincias florísticas y parece ser ahora más corta de lo que históricamente ocurría en cuatro provincias donde abunda el pasto falso [cheatgrass], una maleza exótica. Los incendios más grandes (>50.000 ha) se orientaron preferentemente del sudoeste al nordeste, a lo largo del desplazamiento de frentes fríos asociados con fuertes vientos. Estos descubrimientos sugieren que el clima a escala provincial, o mayor, determinó los recientes regímenes de incendios forestales, con muy débil influencia combustible del propio matorral, a excepción de un aumento del fuego en áreas de pastizal falso o cheatgrass. La heterogeneidad espacial, quemas infrecuentes, un efecto del cheatgrass y lo restringido del registro de incendios, limitan la capacidad de detección de una tendencia, que no es prominente en la actualidad.

Notes

aBlack is fire rotation based on actual burned area; Perim is fire rotation based on area inside fire perimeter, which often includes substantial unburned area (see Table 4).

bLight shaded boxes indicate recent fire rotations that are shorter than historical fire rotations and dark shaded boxes indicate recent fire rotations that are longer than historical fire rotations, based on historical estimates within the province or overall. A particular province and sagebrush type combination had to have a minimum of 5,000 ha of area burned (perimeter measure) in the modern period to be included in this analysis.

cHistorical estimates are from Bukowski and Baker (in press). Note that Bukowski did not estimate fire rotations separately for Wyoming big sagebrush steppe and Wyoming big sagebrush shrubland, so the same historical values are shown for each of these types.

dBukowski and Baker (in press) indicated that this estimate may be low because of a small sampling area for this sagebrush type in southeastern Oregon; thus, the modern value is not indicated as long relative to historical.

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