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People, Place, and Region

Informal Urban Sanitation: Everyday Life, Poverty, and Comparison

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Pages 989-1011 | Received 01 Apr 2011, Accepted 01 Aug 2013, Published online: 14 Jul 2014
 

Abstract

The global sanitation crisis is rapidly urbanizing, but how is sanitation produced and sustained in informal settlements? Although there are data available on aggregate statistics, relatively little is known about how sanitation is created, maintained, threatened, and contested within informal settlements. Drawing on an ethnography of two very different informal settlements in Mumbai, this study identifies key ways in which informal sanitation is produced, rendered vulnerable, and politicized. In particular, four informal urban sanitation processes are examined: patronage, self-managed processes, solidarity and exclusion, and open defecation. The article also considers the implications for a research agenda around informal urban sanitation, emphasizing in particular the potential of a comparative approach, and examines the possibilities for better sanitation conditions in Mumbai and beyond.

全球性的环境卫生危机, 正在快速地城市化, 但环境卫生如何在非正式聚落中生产和维繫? 儘管有整体统计的数据, 但环境卫生如何在非正式聚落中建立、维繫、受到威胁与争论, 相对而言则鲜为人知。本研究运用在孟买两座非常不同的非正式聚落所进行的民族志, 指认非正式环境卫生的生产, 及其被呈现为不堪一击并被政治化的方式。本文特别检视四个非正式的城市环境卫生过程: 侍从关係、个人管理过程、团结与排除, 以及公开如厠。本文同时考量此对非正式城市环境卫生的相关研究之意涵, 特别强调比较研究方法的潜能, 并检视孟买内部与他处更佳的环境卫生条件的可能性。

La crisis sanitaria global rápida y proporcionalmente se desplaza a los entornos urbanos, pero importa saber cómo se presenta y se confronta en los asentamientos informales. Aunque existen datos en forma de estadísticas agregadas, relativamente poco se sabe cómo se producen las medidas contra las deficiencias sanitarias en esos asentamientos, y cómo se mantienen, descuidan o confrontan las alternativas disponibles. Con base en la exploración etnográfica efectuada en Mumbai en dos asentamientos informales, muy diferentes entre sí, este estudio identifica las alternativas clave con las cuales se enfrenta esta necesidad pública, se la controvierte y politiza. En particular, se examinan cuatro procesos urbanos informales de respuesta sanitaria: patronato, procesos auto-administrados, solidaridad y exclusión, y defecación en espacio abierto. También se consideran en el artículo las implicaciones de una agenda de investigación sobre la sanidad pública urbana, con énfasis particular en el potencial de un enfoque comparativo, y se examinan las posibilidades para unas mejores condiciones sanitarias en Mumbai y en otros entornos.

Notes

The number is likely to be higher, but data on urban informal populations are unreliable and often deliberately not gathered by states that would rather not formally acknowledge their presence.

Commenting on the informal dominance of councilors over the SAP based on research on the scheme in different Indian cities, De Wit (2010, 775) argued: “It [the SAP] fails in a general way to achieve its objective of cleaner slums plus increased mobilisation for awareness and self-help. In fact, it would be cheaper and more honest (not raising expectations as regards awareness and empowerment) to simply employ more municipal sweepers to enter the SAP slums to bring together the solid waste at collection points.”

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