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Nature and Society

Rhizomic Resistance Meets Arborescent Assemblage: UNESCO World Heritage and the Disempowerment of Indigenous Activism in New Caledonia

Pages 167-185 | Received 01 Aug 2014, Accepted 01 Aug 2015, Published online: 10 Nov 2015
 

Abstract

This article draws on Deleuze and Guattari's concepts of arborescent and rhizomic assemblages to examine encounters between large-scale conservation and grassroots resistance to industry. I explore how the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization's (UNESCO) World Heritage listing of New Caledonia's reefs contributed to the demise of Rhéébù Nùù, an indigenous activist group that had been targeting a multinational mining project. I also interrogate how an assemblage's form enables certain modalities of power while constraining others and how these differences in power modalities inform relationships between types of assemblages. Mistakenly expecting assistance in protecting their coral reef from mining impacts, Rhéébù Nùù relinquished the coercive power inherent to their rhizomic form in favor of participation in UNESCO's arborescent structure via World Heritage “management committees”—a globally promoted, but locally inappropriate, comanagement diagram that targeted local fishing activities despite an absence of overfishing. Thus, this article argues that rhizomic structures have unique means of influence, exercised through particular modalities of power, which might be lost through cooptation into arborescent assemblages that exercise different modalities of power and might employ locally inappropriate diagrams. Ultimately, conservation does not only result in the extension of state powers, as the literature has shown; as this study demonstrates, it can surreptitiously support the extension of environmentally damaging industrial development at the expense of grassroots action.

本文运用德勒兹和瓜塔里的树状与地下茎状凑组之概念, 检视大规模的保存与反抗工业的草根运动之间的交会。我将探讨联合国教科文组织 (UNESCO) 将新喀里多尼亚的暗礁列入世界遗产后, 如何导致一群长期对抗跨国矿业计画的原住民运动团体 Rhéébù Nùù 的消亡。我同时探讨凑组的形式, 如何使若干权力样态成为可能, 同时限制了其他的权力样态, 以及这些权力样态的差异, 如何告知不同凑组类型之间的关係。Rhéébù Nùù由于错误地期待能够接受保护其珊瑚礁免于矿业冲击的协助, 放弃了他们地下茎式的组织形式中所内涵的强制力量, 转而透过世界遗产 “管理委员会”, 参与至 UNESCO 的树状组织——该委员会是在全球进行推广、但却不适合地方的共同管理图像, 因其锁定在地渔捞活动, 但该地却无过渡渔捞的现象。本文因而主张, 地下茎组织具有特殊的影响方式, 并透过特定的权力样态施行之, 但若整合进行使不同权力样态的树状凑组中, 则有可能会消失, 并可能採用不适合地方的图像。最终不仅如同文献早已指出一般, 保存导致了国家权力的延伸༛本研究亦证实, 保存可能暗中支持破坏环境的产业发展之扩张, 并以草根行动的消亡为代价。

Este artículo se apoya en conceptos de Deleuze y Guattari sobre ensambles arborescentes y rizómicos para examinar los encuentros entre la conservación a gran escala y la resistencia que comúnmente se tiene contra la industria. Exploro cómo contribuyó el listado de los arrecifes de Nueva Caledonia hecho por el Patrimonio Mundial de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura (UNESCO) a la disolución del Rhéébù Nùù, un grupo indígena que había tenido en la mira de su activismo a un proyecto minero multinacional. Interrogo también la forma como un ensamblaje habilita ciertas modalidades de poder en tanto obstaculiza otras, y cómo estas diferencias en las modalidades de poder informan las relaciones entre tipos de ensamblajes. Al equivocarse sobre una supuesta ayuda para proteger sus arrecifes coralinos de los impactos de la minería, el Rhéébù Nùù renunció al poder coercitivo inherente a su forma rizómica, a cambio de participar en la estructura arborescente de la UNESCO a través de los “comités de manejo” del Patrimonio Mundial—un diagrama de coadministración promovido globalmente, pero inapropiado localmente, enfocado contra las actividades locales de pesca a pesar de no existir una condición de sobrepesca. Por eso, este artículo sostiene que las estructuras rizómicas tienen medios únicos de influencia, que se ejercen a través de modalidades particulares de poder, que pueden perderse a través de cooptación en ensamblajes arborescentes que ejercen diferentes modalidades de poder y podrían utilizar diagramas localmente inapropiados. En últimas, la conservación no solo resulta en una ampliación de los poderes estatales, como se puede ver en la literatura; como este estudio lo demuestra, puede apoyar subrepticiamente la expansión del desarrollo industrial ambientalmente dañino a expensas de las acciones de base popular.

Acknowledgments

I am deeply grateful to the residents of Ouara, Unia, and Vao for their hospitality and to all interviewees for their time. I am indebted also to Rob Fletcher and three anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments that greatly improved this article. Any errors are solely my responsibility.

Note

1. Although the property's marine clusters are located in all three provinces, this article focuses exclusively on the Southern Province.

Funding

Research for this article was funded by the Centre National de Recherche Technologique “Nickel et son Environnement,” Hawai'i Pacific University, and the National Endowment for the Humanities. The research was conducted under Rutgers University IRB #10–616M and Hawai'i Pacific University IRB #560411062.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Leah S. Horowitz

LEAH S. HOROWITZ is an Assistant Professor with a joint appointment in the Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies and the School of Human Ecology at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706. E-mail: [email protected]. Her research addresses ways that social relationships and networks shape grassroots engagements with environmental issues, including climate change, mining, and urban and rural biodiversity conservation.

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