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People, Place, and Region

Rethinking the Aesthetic Geographies of Multicultural Festivals: A Nietzschean Perspective

Pages 222-241 | Received 01 Jun 2014, Accepted 01 Aug 2015, Published online: 14 Dec 2015
 

Abstract

Critiquing dismissals in geography of the aesthetics of multicultural festivals as bland, superficial, and apolitical, this article illustrates how they can be also invigorating, imaginative, and empowering. To elaborate my argument, I draw on interviews and participant observations of the 2010 Fusion Festival (hereafter Fusion), an annual event located in the “ethnoburban” context of the city of Surrey, British Columbia. My theoretical framework uses Friedrich Nietzsche's concept of aesthetic “justification,” which refers to art's capacity to infuse human experience with constructive meaning and affirmative power. For Nietzsche, aesthetic justification incorporates two artistic forces: the Apollonian, which refers to illusion, beauty, and order, and the Dionysian, which refers to music, sensuality, and ecstasy. The article explores three ways through which Apollonian and Dionysian delimitations of space and time justify the multicultural values and identities of Fusion's participants: first, how the Apollonian illusions of “cultural pavilions” manifest the creative capacities of local communities; second, how musical and theatrical performances generate Dionysian senses of belonging among performers and audience members; and third, how the embodied and transfiguring practices of dancing, painting, singing, and dressing up shift perspectives in ways that affirm diversity, combat despair, and raise awareness about protecting the environment. The article concludes by considering some future directions in geographical research on the aesthetics of multicultural festivals.

本文批判美学地理将多元文化主义庆典轻视为温和、肤浅及去政治化, 同时描绘它们如何使人精神焕发、充满想像并且能够进行培力。为了阐述我的论点, 我将运用在 2010 年多元文化融合庆典 (此后以 “融合” 称之) 进行的访谈与参与式观察, 该年度活动座落于英属哥伦比亚省素里市的 “族裔郊区” 脉络之中。我的理论架构运用弗里德里希. 尼采的美学 “辩护” 之概念, 该概念指涉艺术将积极的意义与肯定的力量倾注于人类经验的能力。对尼采而言, 美学辩护包含两种艺术驱力: 指向幻象、美与秩序的太阳神阿波罗, 以及指向音乐、感官与入迷的酒神迪奥尼索司。本文探讨透过阿波罗和迪奥尼索司式的时间和空间界定, 辩护 “融合” 参与者的多元文化价值和身份认同的三种方式: 首先, “文化展示馆” 的阿波罗式幻象如何展现在地社区的创造力; 再者, 音乐和剧场表演如何在表演者与观众身上产生迪奥尼索司的归属感; 第三, 跳舞、绘画、歌唱与扮装的体现及易容实践, 如何以确认多样性、与绝望战斗, 并提升有关环境保护意识的方式改变感知。本文于结论中考量地理学对多元文化庆典美学的研究的若干未来方向。

Criticando la desestimación de la estética de los festivales multiculturales por la geografía como insulsos, superficiales y apolíticos, este artículo ilustra cómo esos festivales también pueden ser estimulantes, imaginativos y fortalecedores. Para elaborar mi argumentación, me apoyo en entrevistas y observaciones participativas del Festival de la Fusión de 2010 (en lo sucesivo Fusión), un evento anual localizado en el contexto “etnourbano” de la ciudad de Surrey, Columbia Británica. Mi marco teórico usa el concepto de Nietzsche de la “justificación” estética, que se refiere a la capacidad del arte de infundir la experiencia humana con significación constructiva y poder afirmativo. Para Nietzsche, la justificación estética incorpora dos fuerzas artísticas: lo apolíneo, que se refiere a la ilusión, la belleza y el orden, y lo dionisíaco, referido a la música, la sensualidad y el éxtasis. El artículo explora tres maneras a través de las cuales las delimitaciones apolíneas y dionisíacas del espacio y el tiempo justifican los valores e identidades multiculturales de los participantes en Fusión: primera, cómo manifiestan las comunidades locales con sus capacidades creativas las ilusiones apolíneas de los “pabellones culturales”; segunda, cómo generan entre los intérpretes y los espectadores sensaciones dionisíacas de pertenencia las representaciones musicales y teatrales; y tercera, cómo cambian a las perspectivas las prácticas personificadas y transfigurativas de baile, pintura, canto y disfraz, en modos que afirman la diversidad, combaten la desesperanza y concientizan en favor de la protección del medio ambiente. El artículo concluye con la consideración de algunas direcciones futuras en la investigación de la estética de los festivales multiculturales.

Acknowledgments

I would like to thank the four anonymous referees and “People, Place, and Region” editor Richard Wright for their extremely helpful comments and constructive criticism. The article also benefited from the insights of Clint Burnham, Eugene McCann, and Ulf Strohmayer who commented on an earlier draft. I also thank Jamison Miller and Priya Vadi for their research assistance, Prabhsharanbir Singh for translating the lyrics to Seetiyan, and all the interviewees who graciously agreed to participate in my study.

Funding

The Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (Grant No. 410-2009-2811) supported this research.

Notes

1. https://www.surrey.ca/city-government/9283.aspx (last accessed 15 August 2013).

2. All subsequent amounts are in Canadian dollars.

3. My use of the term First Nations is deliberate. Although this term is a legal category created by the Canadian state to distinguish “Status Indians” from “non-Status” people, all interviewees referred to themselves as First Nations or as members of a specific Nation.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Paul Kingsbury

PAUL KINGSBURY is an Associate Professor in the Department of Geography at Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V6Z 2Z5, Canada. E-mail: [email protected]. His research mainly draws on the social and spatial theories associated with Friedrich Nietzsche and Jacques Lacan to explore the cultural geographies of desire, power, and the sublime in North America.

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