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Methods, Models, and GIS

Mobility as Antiracism Work: The “Hard Driving” of NASCAR's Wendell Scott

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Pages 597-611 | Received 01 Jul 2015, Accepted 01 Nov 2015, Published online: 09 Feb 2016
 

Abstract

This article explores spatial mobility as a form of African American resistance and self-determination. We argue for examining the everyday activism and “countermobility work” of ordinary people of color as they move in ways that subvert, negotiate, and survive white supremacy. These ideas are developed through a historical case study not typically identified with the black civil rights struggle, specifically the National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing (NASCAR) and the “hard driving” of Wendell Scott. The first and only African American driver to win at NASCAR's top level, Scott raced throughout the segregated South and faced considerable discrimination in what was otherwise an all-white sport. We offer a critical (re)reading of Scott's racing career as antiracism mobility work and focus on the bodily, social, and technological practices he employed to maintain and even enhance his mobility around tracks and to and from races. Scott did not represent his efforts in terms of civil rights activism, but it is important to contextualize black resistance outside the confines of formal protest to include the struggle for survivability and material reproduction. The work of racing and driving was part of Scott's geographically situated political practice and important to the struggle to access and move about the sport of stock car track racing and hence the larger U.S. landscape of citizenship. Our discussion has implications for analyzing historic practices of resistance but also has currency for understanding how countermobility practices remain central to resisting continuing racial discrimination.

本文探讨空间能动性作为非裔美国人的抵抗与自决之形式。我们主张检视平凡的有色人种以颠覆、协商与战胜白人至上主义的方式移动时, 他们的每日生活行动主义与“反抗能动性工作”。这些概念, 透过一般不被认定为黑人民权运动斗争的历史案例研究进行发展, 特别是全国运动汽车竞赛协会 (NASCAR) 以及赛车手温德尔༎斯科特 (Wendell Scott) 的 “奋力驾驶”。作为第一位且唯一一位赢得 NASCAR 顶级胜利的非裔美国车手, 斯科特在充满种族隔离的南方各地进行赛事, 并在除了他以外皆为白人的赛车运动中面对巨大的歧视。我们对于斯科特的赛车志业作为反种族主义的能动性工作, 提供了批判性的 (再) 阅读, 并聚焦他在赛车道上以及来回比赛时, 用来维繫、甚至是增强自身能动性的身体、社会与技术实践。斯科特并不将自身的努力以公民权行动主义呈现之, 但脉络化正式抗议活动的局限之外的黑人抵抗, 以此纳入生存能力与物质的再生产, 则是相当重要的。赛车与驾驶工作, 是斯科特在地理上随情境而定的政治实践的一部分, 并且对于获得且游走于改装车场地赛运动的管道之斗争, 以及更广泛的美国公民权地景而言相当重要。我们的讨论, 对于分析反抗的历史实践具有意涵, 并同时对于理解反抗能动性之实践如何在抵抗持续的种族歧视上仍然位居核心而言具有价值。

Este artículo explora la movilidad espacial como una forma de resistencia y autodeterminación afroamericana. Abogamos por examinar el activismo cotidiano y el “trabajo de contra-movilidad” de la gente de color ordinaria en cuanto se mueven de maneras que subvierten, concilian y sobreviven con la supremacía blanca. Estas ideas son desarrolladas por medio de un estudio de caso histórico que no se identifica típicamente con la lucha negra por los derechos civiles, específicamente relacionado con la Asociación Nacional de Carreras de Autos de Serie (NASCAR) y la “dura conducción” de Wendell Scott. Scott, primer piloto de autos afroamericano en ganar en el nivel más alto de NASCAR, único hasta ahora, compitió a través de todo el Sur segregado y enfrentó considerable discriminación en lo que por otra parte era un deporte totalmente de blancos. Ofrecemos una (re)lectura crítica de la carrera de Scott en las carreras de autos como trabajo de movilidad antirracista y nos enfocamos en las prácticas corporales, sociales y tecnológicas que utilizó para mantener e incluso mejorar su movilidad alrededor de las pistas y dentro de las competencias. Scott no representó sus esfuerzos en términos de activismo por los derechos civiles, aunque es importante contextualizar la resistencia negra fuera de los confines de la protesta formal para incluir la lucha por la sobrevivencia y la reproducción material. El trabajo de competir y conducir autos eran parte de la práctica política de Scott situada geográficamente, importante en la brega por acceder y moverse en torno del deporte de carreras de autos de serie en pista y, desde ahí, al más amplio paisaje de la ciudadanía norteamericana. Nuestra discusión tiene implicaciones para analizar prácticas históricas de resistencia, pero también es efectiva para entender cómo las prácticas de contra-movilidad siguen siendo centrales para resistir la continuada discriminación racial.

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank the editor and anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments, which resulted in an improved article. Appreciation is also extended to Suzanne Wise, Curator of the Stock Car Racing Collection at Appalachian State University, for her archival assistance. Previous versions of this article were presented at the 2014 Race, Ethnicity, and Place Conference, the 2013 meeting of the Southeastern Division of the Association of American Geographers, and at Middle Tennessee State University.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Derek H. Alderman

DEREK H. ALDERMAN is a Professor and Head of the Department of Geography at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996. E-mail: [email protected]. His research interests include cultural and historical geographies of race and civil rights in the U.S. South, the racialized politics of mobility and travel, and geographies of popular culture.

Joshua Inwood

JOSHUA INWOOD is an Associate Professor and holds a joint appointment in the Department of Geography and the Africana Studies Program at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996. E-mail: [email protected]. His research engages with questions of race, identity, and white supremacy and peace studies.

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