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Traditions, Land Rights, and Local Welfare Creation: Studies from Eastern Indonesia

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Abstract

This research focuses on the impacts of traditional systems of land distribution among households, clans, and the government in two of Indonesia’s poorest provinces: East Nusa Tenggara and Maluku. Our main goal is to discuss and propose alternative ways of dividing and governing productive land to meet new needs in the management of agriculture and forestry. We apply a mixed research methodology that includes in-depth discussions with more than 50 key informants and survey interviews with 640 randomly selected respondents. We find that the number of land conflicts is rising, that land privatisation is becoming increasingly relevant, and that communal land ownership tends to lead to land under-utilisation rather than to natural resource overuse and environmental degradation. We argue that economic gains can be made by changing land-use patterns and land user rights. Our policy recommendations include introducing formalised and taxable clan land ownership with specified and registered family user rights.

Penelitian ini berfokus pada dampak sistem tradisional atas distribusi lahan antara rumah tangga, keluarga, dan pemerintah di dua provinsi Indonesia termiskin, yakni Nusa Tenggara Timur dan Maluku. Tujuan utama penulis adalah untuk mendiskusikan dan mengusulkan cara-cara alternatif untuk membagi dan mengatur lahan produktif guna menjawab kebutuhan baru dalam manajemen pertanian dan kehutanan. Penulis menerapkan sejumlah metodologi riset yang mencakup diskusi mendalam dengan lebih dari 50 pemberi informasi kunci dan survei wawancara dengan 640 responden terpilih secara acak. Penulis menemukan bahwa jumlah konflik atas lahan meningkat, privatisasi lahan semakin relevan, dan bahwa kepemilikan tanah komunal cenderung menyebabkan lahan yang tidak terutilisasi dibandingkan dengan kelebihan penggunaan sumber daya alam dan degradasi alam. Penulis berpendapat bahwa keuntungan ekonomi dapat diperoleh dengan mengubah pola penggunaan lahan dan hak pengguna lahan. Penulis merekomendasikan formalisasi kepemilikan lahan keluarga dengan rincian hak penggunaan serta mekanisme pengenaan pajak yang jelas.

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