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Institutions and Rural Stagnation in Eastern Indonesia

 

Abstract

This article addresses why agricultural productivity is still very low in peripheral parts of eastern Indonesia. The paper identifies rules and norms underpinning traditionalism. It further addresses how increased land-use efficiency can be supported while maintaining communal land ownership. Information collected from in-depth interviews was analysed based on new institutional economics (NIE) theory. I argue that the government, adat leaders, the Catholic Church, leading businesses, and internationally funded NGOs are organisations contributing to the status quo. Policy recommendations include awareness among international donors of what NGOs really do. Civil society organisations could contribute to a more efficient and democratic government and less feudalist traditional leadership. A government tax on fertile land could form the basis for a cadastre system, secure farmers’ permanent land-user rights, and also enhance land productivity, without reducing the values of a rich culture based on communal land.

Tulisan ini membahas mengenai alasan mengapa produktivitas pertanian di Indonesia masih sangat rendah di kawasan pinggiran Indonesia bagian Timur, serta mengidentifikasi aturan dan norma yang menggarisbawahi tradisionalitasme di wilayah tersebut. Selanjutnya, tulisan ini menelaah bagaimana efisiensi penggunaan lahan dapat meningkat dengan tetap mempertahankan status kepemilikan lahan komunal. Informasi yang dikumpulkan dari wawancara mendalam digunakan sebagai bahan analisis berdasarkan teori Institusi Ekonomi Baru (New Institutional Economics, NIE). Penulis berpendapat bahwa pemerintah, pemimpin adat, gereja Katolik, bisnis unggulan, serta lembaga-lembaga swadaya masyarakat (LSM) yang memiliki pendanaan internasional adalah berbagai organisasi yang turut berkontribusi terhadap status quo tersebut. Rekomendasi kebijakan yang diberikan mencakup kepedulian lembaga donor internasional mengenai apa yang sesungguhnya dilakukan oleh LSM. LSM dapat mendukung efisiensi dan pemerintahan yang lebih demokratis serta kepemimpinan tradisional yang lebih tidak feodal. Selanjutnya, implementasi pajak pemerintah pada lahan subur dapat menjadi dasar bagi sistem kadaster, menjamin hak guna lahan yang permanen, serta menaikkan produktivitas lahan; semuanya tanpa mengurangi kekayaan budaya yang timbul sebagai akibat kepemilikan lahan yang bersifat komunal.

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