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Economic Growth and Sustainable Development in Indonesia: An Assessment

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Abstract

We explore the nexus between sustainability and economic growth in Indonesia between 1990 and 2014, using an inclusive wealth framework that covers the country’s unique resources and biodiversity. Indonesia’s inclusive wealth growth is considered positive. However, the ‘dilution effect’ on Indonesia’s population has outpaced the country’s wealth growth, so that its per capita inclusive wealth growth has been negative. This study implies that the GDP per capita growth in Indonesia does not necessarily indicate sustainability. The depreciation of both renewable and non-renewable natural capital is driving the decline in wealth per capita. Despite this, sustainability has been improving, although marginally, due to increases in the rates of produced and human capital growth. To return to a sustainable growth path, Indonesia must increase its investments to a net gain in the rate of wealth growth, and it must reduce its resource extraction to levels that its productive base can maintain.

Kami mengeksplorasi hubungan antara pertumbuhan ekonomi dan keberlanjutan di Indonesia pada 1990 dan 2014, dengan menggunakan sebuah kerangka kemakmuran inklusif yang mempertimbangkan sumber daya alam dan biodiversitas yang unik. Pertumbuhan kemakmuran Indonesia yang inklusif dilihat sebagai sesuatu yang positif. Namun, ‘efek dilusi’ pada populasi Indonesia telah maju lebih cepat dibandingkan naiknya kemakmuran, sehingga pertumbuhan kemakmuran per kapita yang inklusif menjadi negatif. Tulisan ini menyiratkan bahwa pertumbuhan PDB per kapita di Indonesia tidak serta-merta menciptakan keberlanjutan. Depresiasi atas modal natural yang dapat dan tak dapat diperbaharui menyebabkan penurunan kemakmuran per kapita. Meski demikian, tren yang ada menunjukkan keberlanjutan semakin baik, meski hanya sedikit, dikarenakan oleh tingkat pertumbuhan dan produksi modal manusia. Untuk kembali kepada garis pembangunan yang berkelanjutan, Indonesia harus meningkatkan investasinya hingga mencapai keuntungan neto pada tingkat pertumbuhan kemakmuran, sembari mengurangi ekstraksi sumber daya alamnya sampai tingkat yang masih dapat disokong oleh oleh basis produksinya.

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Notes

* This paper was supported by Grant-in-Aid for Specially Promoted Research (26000001) by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the institutions and funding agencies.

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