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Special issue on: Business of war

The French navy and war entrepreneurs: Identity, business relations, conflicts, and cooperation in the eighteenth century

 

Abstract

The aim of this article is to provide comprehensive insight into the identity and role of war entrepreneurs in the service of the French navy. The markets that link the state to economic actors can be complex, from simple commercial agreements to deliver hardware or provide a service to a richer relationship leading to a partnership where entrepreneurs participate in the overall improvement of the armed forces (infrastructure financing, integration of the economic and technical standards of the navy, etc.).

Notes

1. Of course, the Annales School did not reject war itself; rather, it was a certain form of ‘Battle History’, judged to be concerned merely with facts and centred exclusively on ‘great men’, that was rejected. War as an historical object was not entirely abandoned by historians, as can be seen with the work of Marc Bloch (L’étrange défaite) and Georges Duby (Le dimanche de Bouvines).

2. Keegan, The Face of Battle; Hanson, The Western Way of War; Mosse, Fallen Soldiers. These three works, in addition to several others, were widely read after being translated in the 1990s and first had an impact on views of the First World War. It was only afterwards that historians of the Early Modern era borrowed this new approach for their own period.

3. Christian Buchet is an exception: Buchet, La lutte pour l’espace caraïbe; Buchet, Marine, économie et société. I should also mention the recently published book by Chaline, Les armées du Roi.

4. Brewer, The Sinews of Power.

5. Daumas, “Où va l’histoire économique.”

6. Torres-Sánchez, “The Triumph of the Fiscal.”

7. For example: Parrott, Richelieu’s Army; Rowlands, The Dynastic State; Fynn-Paul, War, Entrepreneurs, and the State.

8. Corre, “Brest, base du Ponant”; Plouviez, La Marine française; Martin, Rochefort, arsenal des colonies.

9. Le Mao, “Financer la Marine”; Le Mao, “La guerre.”

10. Many recent synthetic works enable comparisons: Knight and Wilcox, Sustaining the Fleet; Fynn-Paul, War, Entrepreneurs, and the State.

11. Bonney, The King’s Debts; Bonney, Society and Government in France; Bayard, Le monde des financiers; Dessert, Argent, pouvoir et société; Chaussinand-Nogaret, Gens de finance; Durand, Les fermiers généraux.

12. Beik, Absolutism and Society.

13. Rowlands, The Dynastic State.

14. Dessert, La Royale, 67–70; Dessert, Les Daliès de Montauban; Peter, Maîtres de forges et maîtres fondeurs.

15. Ozanam, Claude Baudard de Sainte-James.

16. There are very few extant archive collections of private companies in France from before the nineteenth century, which hinders research on businesses for the Ancien Régime period. See Lescent-Gilles, “Histoire des entreprises.”

17. Plouviez, La Marine française, 361–8.

18. Archives nationales de France (hereafter AN), Minutier central des notaires parisiens (hereafter MC), XXVI/753, November 10, 1786. For the archives on the creation of the Creusot foundry, see AN, Marine (hereafter Mar.), D3/33–34 (1782).

19. AN, MC, LXXXII/608, acte de société, April 16, 1785.

20. Claeys, Dictionnaire biographique des financiers, 1333–7.

21. Plouviez, “Entre ‘l’État et le marché’.”

22. See the case of the naval supply company Dujardin and Company: Corre and Plouviez, “Jean-Charles Dujardin de Ruzé,” 131–4.

23. AN, MC, LXVI/541, acte de société, April 28, 1763.

24. Knight and Wilcox, Sustaining the Fleet, 106–8.

25. Service Historique de la Défense (hereafter SHD), Mar., Rochefort, 1/E/385, September 1, 1759.

26. Vergé-Franceschi, Port royal, 41, 97–8, 119, 154.

27. Plouviez, La Marine française, 336–8.

28. Knight and Wilcox, Sustaining the Fleet, 77–109; Buchet, Marine, économie et société, 149–52.

29. Torres-Sánchez, “The Triumph of the Fiscal Military State”, 96–113.

30. ‘avides se permettant de tout dire, de tout assurer, de tout falsifier ou de dénaturer’ in Claverie, “Les marchés de fourniture,” 276.

31. ‘[J’ai] vu avec une sorte de peine que le décret relatif à la vérification de tous les marchés du départements de la guerre et de la marine vous avait donné des sollicitudes. … Cet acte de sévérité de l’Assemblée nationale ne peut regarder que des hommes avides qui ont profité de toutes les circonstances et ont employé tous les moyens pour s’enrichir aux dépens de leur patrie. Il était par conséquent de la sagesse de la Convention, non seulement de se procurer par de rigoureuses vérifications les preuves qui peuvent constater les monopoles, les gains illicites, les abus de circonstances mais encore d’intimider les hommes qui avaient contracté cette honteuse habitude de s’enrichir et de faire en quelque sorte rétrograder leur insatiable cupidité.’ SHD, Mar., Vincennes, BB/2/4, December 6, 1792.

32. AN, Mar., B1/59 to B1/102; AN, Mar., B2/257 to B2/443; AN, Mar., B3/262 to B3/803.

33. ‘[Q]ue les fonds pour cette fourniture sont payables à Toulon’, AN, Mar., B3/506 f°176, September 21, 1751.

34. AN, Mar., B3/642 f°152–153, July 19, 1777.

35. Hoppit, Risk and Failure.

36. Dupouy, Le droit des faillites.

37. Granat, La manufacture de toiles, 67–78.

38. AN, Mar., D3/7 f°32, 51, 67, August 10, 1701 and 1709.

39. Duhamel du Monceau, Du transport.

40. SHD, Mar., Rochefort, 1/E/375 f°69, 90 (February 21, 1747, March 7, 1747).

41. Pritchard, Louis XV’s Navy, 143–6.

42. Harris, Industrial Espionage and Technology, 173–204.

43. Maritz, La fabrication, 76–8.

44. SHD, Mar., Rochefort, 1E/403 f°201, January 11, 1742; 1E/373 f°173, June 9, 1744.

45. AN, Mar., B2/541 f°268, August 7, 1751.

46. This collection is rich and has not yet been systematically analysed. It is preserved in the Departmental Archives of the Dordogne (France) and contains the archives of the Gaillard de Vaucocour family, to which Blanchard de Sainte Catherine belonged.

47. Meyer, “L’évolution de la guerre maritime.”

48. AN, Mar., D2/57 f°149–177, Aménagement de la rivière de Dordogne, 1714–1715.

49. Ibid., f°307–322, for navigating the Charente to Lhourmeau, 1769.

50. Ibid., f°325–350, Mémoire du Sieur Clainche et Bellabre. Sur le flottage de la rivière d’Huisne pour le transport des bois que la Marine tire des provinces du Maine et du Perche, 1769.

51. Plouviez, La Marine française, 181–2.

52. Bamford, Privilege and Profit, 48–9.

53. AN, H1 159, Administration provinciale, procès-verbal de visite de la rivière du Doubs faite par M. Masson en septembre 1735.

54. ‘… faire préalablement et moyennant les prix réglés par le dit marché généralement tous les ouvrages mentionnés aux dits procès verbal de visite, plan et devis, en sorte que le flottage des bois destinés pour la Marine et autres y soit établi même ce qui peut faciliter la navigation bien et solidement fait, en conformité des dits plans et devis.’ AN, Mar., B3/379 f°246–247, October 11, 1736.

55. AN, Mar., B3/319 f°155, May 20, 1727.

56. SHD, Mar., Rochefort 1/A/112 f°235–246, 1754.

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