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Abstract
The usual idea that European aristocracy lived from land revenue needs to be complemented. Often the aristocracy was not so alien to business as the literature sometimes has claimed. Contrary to the popular image of non-entrepreneurial aristocracy, the to Portuguese nobility financial business was not considered an unsavoury way of life, and aristocrats were actually quite active in business. Trade, brokerage, and profits could provide a very elegant gentlemanly condition, which coupled with military activities in Portugal or overseas, a really noble way of life. For the management of the overseas empire, cross-border investment, financial business, and marriage strategies were means and instruments for social mobility, in a society based on clear social cleavages resulting from the differentiation between common labourers and the highest social strata, which comprised respectable merchants and bourgeois traders. Marriage illustrates financial, and gender strategies, for social mobility, and status.
JEL CODES:
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
Notes
1 Mc Closkey, ‘Science, Bourgeois Dignity.’
2 Thompson, ‘The Landed Aristocracy’, 267–279 quoting Wiener, English culture and the decline.
3 Boudreaux, ‘Deidre McCloskey and ECONOMISTS’IDEAs.’
4 Thane, ‘Social History 1860–1914.’
5 Foreman-Peck and Hannah, ‘Extreme Divorce’, 23, footnote 72.
6 Hespanha ‘A Nobreza\nos tratados Jurídicos.’
7 Justino, História da Bolsa de Lisboa, 13.
8 Monteiro, O Crepúsculo dos Grandes, 532, 543.
9 Godinho, Estrutura da Antiga Sociedade Portuguesa.
10 Ibid.
11 Cain and Hopkins, British Imperialism, 1688–2000.
12 Livro do Regimento dos Corretores, folium 31 V°.
13 Justino, História da Bolsa de Lisboa, 14.
14 Justino, História da Bolsa de Lisboa, quoting quoting the Livro do Regimento dos Corretores, Lisbon Municipal Archive, follium 31 V°.
15 Costa, ‘Fiscal Innovation in Early Modern States.’
16 Ulrich, Da Bolsa e suas Operações, 102.
17 See note 8 above.
18 Justino, História da Bolsa de Lisboa, 15.
19 Mata, ‘From Pioneer Mercantile State,’ 215.
20 Godinho, ‘Finanças Públicas e Estrutura do Estado,’ 244.
21 Costa, ‘State Monopoly or Corporate Business.’
22 Carreira, A. (1983). ‘A Companhia de Pernambuco e Paraíba’; Justino, História da Bolsa de Lisboa
23 Costa, ‘Merchant Groups in the 17th-Century Brazilian Sugar Trade.’
24 Pedreira, Estrutura industrial.
25 Cunha, ‘Estratégias matrimoniais.’
26 National Archive Torre do Tombo, ANTT, Companhia Geral do Grão Pará e Maranhão, Junta de Lisboa, Livro do Registo de Acções, Livro n° 1, N° 222, Mf 7265P.
27 National Archive Torre do Tombo, ANTT, Companhia Geral do Grão Pará e Maranhão, Junta de Lisboa, Livro do Registo de Acções, Livro n° 1, N° 222, Mf 7265P.
28 Cain, ‘Capitalism, Aristocracy and Empire.’
29 Cunha Mafalda Soares, ‘Nobreza e Estado da India.’
30 Monteiro, O Crepúsculo dos Grandes, 536–540.
31 Cunha, ‘Jerarquía nobiliaria y Corte en Portugal (siglo XV-1832).’
32 Monteiro, O Crepúsculo dos Grandes, 554.
33 Mata, ‘Foreign Joint-Stock Companies.’
34 Vieira, The Role of Britain and France.
35 Vieira, ‘Investimentos britânicos nos.’
36 Mata, ‘A Forgotten Country.’
37 Pedreira, ‘O Sistema das Trocas.’
38 Jones, Merchants to Multinationals.
39 Lisbon Overseas Historical Archive, AHU, ID, NO, 942, DGU, 2a Repartição, Companhias Diversas, 1900–1909.
40 Foreman-Peck and Hannah, Extreme Divorce.
41 Monteiro, O Crepúsculo dos Grandes, 529.
42 Ibid., 540.
43 Birmingham, ‘The Coffee Barons of Cazengo.’
44 Ibid., 528. On overseas banking see Jones (Citation1993).
45 Birmingham, ‘The Coffee Barons of Cazengo.’
46 Ibid., 525.
47 Catroga and Tavares de Almeida, 2010: 23.
48 da Cunha Moraes, África Occidental.
49 Cannadine, Lords and Landlords.
50 Mata et al., ‘Success and Failure.’
51 Chandler, Scale and Scope.
52 Monteiro, O Crepúsculo dos Grandes, 551.
53 Decker, ‘Corporate Legitimacy.’
54 Hopkins, ‘Imperial Business in Africa.’
55 Monteiro, O Crepúsculo dos Grandes, 552.
56 Lima, ‘Henry Burnay No Context.’
57 Câmara, História do Banco.
58 Bonifácio, ‘Liberalismo e nacionalismo.’
59 Direcção Geral da Thesouraria di Ministério da Fazenda, Fundo Burnay, Box 4, Portuguese National Archives Torre do Tombo, ANTT.
60 Fundo Burnay, box 5, Portuguese National Archives Torre do Tombo, ANTT.
61 Tavares de Almeida, Eleições e Caciquismo.
62 Direcção Geral da Thesouraria di Ministério da Fazenda, Fundo Burnay, Box 4, Portuguese National Archives Torre do Tombo, ANTT, and Mata.
63 Mata, ‘Portuguese Public Debt.’
64 BUP, Sécrétariat Financier Etranger, dossier n° 13: la conversion ou du remboursement des emprunts 1891 et 1896 du gouvernement Portugais, Adresse A-03-06-1 des Archives Historiques Société Générale, Paris.
65 Tavares de Almeida and Pinto, ‘Portuguese Ministers.’
66 Reis, Uma élite financeira.
67 The second university, the University of Lisbon was created in 1911, after the end of the Portuguese monarchy.
68 Santos, ‘Intelectuais Portugueses’; Silva, ‘Fundadores e símbolos,’ 221.
69 Fundo Burnay. Lisbon National Archives.
70 Stone and Stone, An Open Elite?, 424.
71 Thompson, ‘The Landed Aristocracy,’ 268.
72 Hafer and Hein, 2007, xxi.
73 Label caption from a NYSE exhibit. New York Stock Exchange Historical Archive.
74 MacPherson, The Scarlet Sisters.
75 Ibid.
76 MacPherson, ‘The Bewitching Brothers,’ 12–15.
77 MacPherson, The Scarlet Sisters, XXII.
78 New-York Historical Society, Woodhull & Claflin’s Weekly newspaper.
79 Ibid, XXIII.
80 Ibid, XIV.
81 Victoria wanted to be the first female candidate to President of the USA (1872).
82 Wright, ‘Women and Finance.’
83 MacPherson, The Scarlet Sisters, 260.
84 Thompson, ‘The Landed Aristocracy,’ 270.
85 MacPherson, The Scarlet Sisters, XV, 259, 260, 293.
86 Diário Ilustrado, of 26 July 1896, Section ‘High-Life’.
87 Woodhull, letter dated March 3.
88 MacPherson, ‘The Bewitching Brothers.’