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Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly
The Canadian Journal of Metallurgy and Materials Science
Volume 55, 2016 - Issue 3
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Chemical and Extractive Metallurgy – Pyrometallurgy

Impact of aluminium pad and operation parameters on graphitised and graphitic cathodes expansion and bath penetration

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Pages 356-364 | Received 01 Feb 2016, Accepted 24 May 2016, Published online: 30 Jun 2016
 

Abstract

Cathode sodium expansion and bath penetration are important properties to consider in the Hall–Héroult process. Rapoport test is the standard method for sodium expansion determination. However, there is no standard methodology for bath diffusion measurement. In this work, expansion measurements are achieved on laboratory scale alumina reduction cells for graphitic and graphitised cathode block grades. Cathode carrots were then extracted to measure bath penetration. Results revealed that the presence of an aluminium pad at the beginning of the experiment has reduced the sodium expansion and bath penetration by about 50%. Sodium concentration in the bath has increased the expansion rate and bath penetration depth, but not the expansion level, which is driven by the current density. This demonstrates that the startup conditions are crucial to the lifespan of the electrolysis cell.

L’expansion sodique de la cathode et la pénétration du bain sont deux propriétés importantes à considérer dans le procédé Hall Héroult. L’essai Rapoport est la méthode normalisée pour la détermination de l’expansion sodique. Cependant, il n'existe pas de méthodologie normalisée pour la mesure de la diffusion du bain. Dans ce travail, des mesures d’expansion ont été effectuées sur des cellules de réduction d’alumine à l’échelle du laboratoire pour des blocs cathodiques de nuances graphitique et graphitisée. Des carottes de cathode ont ensuite été extraites pour mesurer la pénétration du bain. Les résultats ont révélé que la présence d'un pad d’aluminium au début de l’expérience a réduit l’expansion sodique et la pénétration du bain d'environ 50%. La concentration du sodium dans le bain a augmenté la vitesse d’expansion et la profondeur de pénétration du bain, mais pas le niveau d’expansion, qui est gouverné par la densité de courant. Ceci démontre que les conditions de démarrage sont cruciales pour la durée de vie de la cellule d’électrolyse.

Acknowledgements

Authors wish to thank André Bilodeau for his essential help with the experimental setup design and assemblage and Serge Gagnon for Labview programming. They also want to express their gratitude to Jean-René Landry and François Quesnel for the language edition of the manuscript. Computational tomography was provided by ‘le centre de caractérisation des matériaux’. A special thank also to Rio Tinto for their financial and material support. This research was also supported by NSERC and FQRNT.

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