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Articles

Developing the new socialist Czechoslovak state: abortion, eugenics, and the politics of choice between 1945 and 1962

 

ABSTRACT

The author analyzes the political and medical discourses surrounding the legalization of abortion in Czechoslovakia in the 1950s and the establishment of the institution of abortion commissions to approve women’s demands. Through a genealogical intersectional lens, she explores the continuity of this rationality, which started to fear the degeneration of the collective more than its depopulation. As the Cold War commenced, for the first time in history Czechoslovak women obtained reproductive rights, particularly when a pregnancy was recognized as a threat to women’s and children’s health. Drawing on biopolitical theories and other critical feminist scholarship that have problematized the liberal underpinnings of choice and autonomy, the author demonstrates how eugenics trespassed from expert circles into politics, and, with the help of planned parenthood, recreated a complex system of socio-biological classes, determining who should reproduce and whose life was worth living, and worth protecting. The text defies the classic totalitarian thesis that divides peoples and society into two types, the totalitarian subject and its liberal counterpart. The author argues that, regardless of the political system, abortion rights operate as a regulatory strategy of power aimed at maintaining a certain population optimum by re-defining women’s responsibilities to deliver a healthy child into a healthy environment.

RÉSUMÉ

L’auteure analyse les discours politiques et médicaux autour de la légalisation de l’avortement dans la Tchécoslovaquie des années 50, et de l’établissement des commissions de l’avortement pour approuver les demandes des femmes. Dans une optique généalogique et intersectionnelle, l’auteure examine la continuité de ce raisonnement, qui craignait la dégénération de la collectivité plus que sa dépopulation. Avec le début de la Guerre froide, les femmes tchécoslovaques ont obtenu des droits reproductifs pour la première fois, en particulier quand une grossesse était reconnue comme dangereuse pour la santé des femmes et des enfants. Faisant appel aux théories biopolitiques et aux autres recherches féministes critiques qui ont problematisé les bases libéraux du choix et de l’autonomie, l’auteure démontre comment l’eugénisme a passé des cercles d’experts à la politique, et, à l’aide de la parentalité planifiée, a recréé un système complexe des classes sociobiologiques. Ce système déterminait qui devrait reproduire et quelles vies valaient la peine d’être vécues et protégées. L’article s’oppose à la thèse totalitaire classique qui divise les peuples et la société en deux catégories : le sujet totalitaire et son équivalent libéral. L’auteure affirme que, quelque soit le système politique, les droits à l’avortement fonctionnent comme une stratégie régulatrice de pouvoir, avec pour objectif le maintien de la population optimum en repensant le devoir des femmes d’accoucher un enfant sain dans un environnement sain.

Acknowledgments

To my Czech grandparents who were young, did not plan it, and had my mum by accident in 1959 in Prague.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.

Notes

1. Beneš, “Projev presidenta republiky,” 11.

2. On 9 May 1945 Prague was “liberated” by the Red Army from the six-year-long Nazi occupation of Czechoslovakia. The date signifies the end of the Second World War in Europe.

3. At the end of 1944 there were 11.2 million people living in Czechoslovakia. After the expulsion of Germans and with 200,000 lives lost in the war, there were 8.7 million people left. Jechová, “Matky a děti,” 17. In comparison, during the First World War 300,000 Czechoslovak soldiers died on the battlefield and it was estimated that 9.987 million people lived in the new Czechoslovakia following its proclamation on 28 October 1918. Kučera, Acta Demographica XII, 10.

4. For example, between 1921 and 1925, 240,338 children were born every year on average, whereas between 1941 and 1945 this number went down to 211,187. Pachner, Otázka potomstva, 5.

5. Havelková, “Three Stages of Gender.”

6. Vojta, “Některé aktuální problémy,” 17.

7. Miřatský and Mourová, Nová sociální politika, 26.

8. Ústavodárné Národní shromáždění, “Zákon o poradenské službě.”

9. Horáková, “Předmluva,” 13.

10. Karpíšková, Kontrola porodů, 10.

11. The proposals were the following: (1) 1920 – signed by Louisa Landová-Štychová, Dr. Bohuslav Vrbenský, Dr. Theodor Bartošek, Ludmila Pechmanová-Klosová, and Františka Zeminová; (2) 1922: signed by the same people as no. 1; (3) 1925 – issued by the German Socialist Party, Dr. Holitscher, Irene Kirpal, Franziska Blatne, and Marie Deutsch; (4) 1926 – issued by Louisa Landová-Štychová, also signed by Marie Vobecká, Gizella Kolláriková, and 26 other members of the Communist Party; and (5) 1932 – issued by the Minister of Justice Adolf Meissner.

12. Feinberg, Elusive Equality; Musilová, Z ženského pohledu.

13. Feinberg, Elusive Equality, 153.

14. Říšská rada, “Vyhnání plodu ze života.”

15. Boháč, “Sociálně-zdravotní populační,” 53.

16. Dudová, “Framing of Abortion”; Dudová, Interrupce v České republice; Dudová, “Regulation of Abortion”; Havelková, “Three Stages of Gender”; Heitlinger, Women and State Socialism; Jechová, “Matky a děti.”

17. Dudová, Interrupce v České republice; Dudová, “Regulation of Abortion”; Heitlinger, Women and State Socialism.

18. Dudová, Interrupce v České republice, 123.

19. Dudová, “Framing of Abortion,” 945.

20. Havelková, “Three Stages of Gender,” 42.

21. Nečasová, “Organizace žen v letech”; Havelková et al., Politics of Gender.

22. Miller, Limits of Bodily Integrity.

23. Rákosník and Šustrová, Rodina v zájmu státu, 13.

24. Lišková, Sexual Liberation, Socialist Style, 3.

25. Feinberg, Elusive Equality.

26. Cerwonka, “Traveling Feminist Thought.”

27. Foucault, Archeology of Knowledge, 49.

28. Foucault, Discipline and Punish; Foucault, History of Sexuality; Foucault, Society Must Be Defended.

29. Foucault, Ethics: Subjectivity and Truth, 221.

30. Lublin, Pandora’s Box; Roberts, Killing the Black Body; Solinger, Beggars and Choosers.

31. Foucault and Kritzman, Politics, Philosophy, Culture, 265.

32. Pachner, Otázka potomstva, 11.

33. Československá společnost gynaekologická, “Novelisace paragrafů 144-148,” 433.

34. In Canada it was, for example, The Criminal Law Amendment Act issued by Pierre Elliott Trudeau’s liberal government in 1968–69.

35. Národní shormáždění, “Usmrcení lidského plodu.”

36. Translated by Lišková, Sexual Liberation, Socialist Style, 108.

37. Vojta, “Pokus o analysu populačního,” 109.

38. Národní shromáždění, “Zákon o umělém přerušení.”

39. Miřatský and Mourová, Nová sociální politika, 7.

40. Národní shromáždění, “Spoločná zpráva.”

41. The USSR first legalized abortion in 1920, only to criminalize it again in 1936. After the Second World War, abortion was decriminalized in the Soviet Union on 5 August 1954 and legalized in 1955. Similarly, Hungary legalized abortion in 1955 and Poland in 1956.

42. Národní shromáždění, “Spoločná zpráva.”

43. Národní shrmáždění, “Zákon o umělém přerušení.”

44. Ibid.

45. Foucault, History of Sexuality, 145.

46. Národní shromáždění, “Spoločná zpráva.”

47. Translated by Lišková, Sexual Liberation, Socialist Style, 108.

48. Ministerstvo zdravotnictví, “Vyhláška 104/1961.”

49. Foucault, Society Must Be Defended.

50. Pachner, Otázka potomstva, 11.

51. Československá společnost gynaekologická, “Memorandum k dvouletému,” 85.

52. Pachner, Otázka potomstva, 13.

53. Ibid., 27.

54. Ibid., 12.

55. Ibid., 37.

56. Ibid., 34.

57. Kos, “Obecné úkoly v porodnictví,” 520, emphasis added.

58. Trapl, “Sociálně-zdravotní populační,” 41.

59. Polášek, “Studie o potratu,” 15.

60. Vojta, “Pokus o analysu populačního,” 115.

61. Pachner, Otázka potomstva, 11.

62. Bělehrádek, “Populace jako biologický,” 24.

63. Bělehrádek, “Populace jako biologický,” 23.

64. Pachner, Otázka potomstva, 36, emphasis added.

65. Machotka, “Sociolog a populační politika.”

66. Bělehrádek, “Populace jako biologický,” 25.

67. Sokolova, Cultural Politics of Ethnicity.

68. Nedvědová-Nejedlá, “Populační problémy našeho státu,” 95.

69. Nedvědová-Nejedlá, “Populační problémy našeho státu.”

70. Vojta, “Pokus o analysu populačního,” 113.

71. Pachner, Otázka potomstva; Kučera and Srb, Výzkum o rodičovství; Švarcová, Populace a společnost.

72. Jerie and Hnátek, Boj proti potratům, 21.

73. Švarcová, Populace a společnost, 131.

74. Ibid., 168.

75. Ibid., 179.

76. Dudová, “Framing of Abortion”; Dudová, Interrupce v České republice.

77. Lišková, Sexual Liberation, Socialist Style, 109.

78. Ibid.

79. Foucault, History of Sexuality, 18.

80. Národní shromáždění, “Spoločná zpráva.”

81. Vojta, “Populační hlediska ve zdravotní péči.”

82. Národní shromáždění, “Spoločná zpráva.”

83. Nedvědová-Nejedlá, “Populační problémy našeho státu,” 95.

84. Miller, Limits of Bodily Integrity.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Andrea Prajerova

Andrea Prajerova recently completed a PhD in Feminist and Gender Studies at the University of Ottawa. With a career that straddles two continents, her research so far has been formed at the intersection of interdisciplinary studies, including comparative history, transnational feminisms, and critical studies of race, class, gender, and disability while raising important questions about citizenship, identity, and reproductive sexuality.

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