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Research Articles

Morphological variation in the mandible of white males and females from the East Texas region for potential applications for skeletal identification

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Pages 181-205 | Received 27 Sep 2021, Accepted 14 Feb 2022, Published online: 06 Apr 2022
 

Abstract

The mandible is a bone that preserves well in forensic and archaeological contexts and has sound use for sex estimation techniques when the bones of the cranium and pelvis are absent. Past research has frequently used morphological assessments of the mandible, which have long been recognized as a useful means for estimating sex. This study addressed the application and effectiveness of metric and non-metric observations to illustrate the morphological variation of mandibular size and shape to explore sexual dimorphism between males and females. Three non-metric observations and fourteen metric measurements were recorded on mandibles from a skeletal sample of two-hundred and thirty-six individuals from a collection acquired in the region of southeastern Texas. The findings of this study demonstrate that the use of select metric measurements, including bigonial width, bicondylar breadth, minimum and maximum ramus breadth, transverse diameter of the mandibular condyle, maximum ramus height, mandibular length, mandibular total length, and mandibular ramus height, should be considered for sex estimation in the mandible. Two regression models were reported in this study one with eleven measurements at 81.48% accuracy and one with three measurements at 83.33% accuracy. Alternatively, the non-metric analyses exhibited no significant correlation with sex in the study sample, and therefore, non-metric observations of the mandible are not reliable in sex estimation.

RÉSUMÉ

Dans les contextes médico-légaux et archéologiques, et pour l’estimation du sexe de l’individu, la mâchoire inférieure se conserve souvent davantage par rapport aux ossements du crâne et du bassin qui sont parfois absents. Les recherches antérieures s’appuyaient sur la morphométrie de la mandibule comme outil efficace pour estimer le sexe. Cette étude explore l’application et l’efficacité des observations métriques et non métriques de la taille et de la forme de la mandibule dans le but d’explorer le dimorphisme sexuel entre les hommes et les femmes. Les données de trois observations non métriques et quatorze mesures métriques ont été recueillies sur les mandibules d’un échantillon de deux cent trente-six individus provenant du sud-est de l’État du Texas (É.-U.). Les résultats de cette étude montrent que l’emploi de certaines mesures métriques de la mandibule (comme la largeur bigoniale, la distance entre les condyles, la largeur minimale et maximale de la branche (montante), le diamètre transversal du condyle mandibulaire, la taille maximale de la branche, la largeur de la mandibule, la grosse largeur de la mandibule and la taille verticale de la branche) devront considérés comme des données fiables pour l’estimation du sexe. Deux modèles de régression, un avec onze mesures, donnent une fiabilité de 81,48 % et un avec trois mesures, 83,33 % de fiabilité. En revanche, les analyses non métriques n’ont montré aucune corrélation significative du sexe dans l’échantillon étudié et nous amènent à conclure que les mesures non métriques (utilisées dans cette étude) ne sont pas fiables pour l’estimation du sexe.

Acknowledgments

The authors wanted to thank Ms. Elizabeth Correia, and Mr. Huruy Asfha for their support. We also thank Dr. Joan Bytheway, and Ms. Haeli Kennedy for the use of skeletal subjects for this research was made possible by the Southeast Texas Applied Forensic Science Facility, located in the Center for Biological Sciences, and to Ms. Hannah Cervenka for helping establish the initial contact with STAFS. I would also like to thank the Southeast Texas Applied Forensic Science Facility for the use of their camera. We thank the Nancy J. Berner Student Research Support Fund, and the Torrence and Wyvonne Townsend Innovation Fund for their financial support in making this research possible.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Figure 1. Ramus Shape. Top left: slanted, top right: vertical, bottom: inverted.

Figure 1. Ramus Shape. Top left: slanted, top right: vertical, bottom: inverted.

Figure 2. Coronoid Process. Top left: hook, top right: triangular, bottom: rounded.

Figure 2. Coronoid Process. Top left: hook, top right: triangular, bottom: rounded.

Additional information

Funding

Funded by the Nancy J. Berner Student Research Support Fund, and the Torrence and Wyvonne Townsend Innovation Fund.

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