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Research Articles

COVID-19 and the courtroom: exploring the effects of camera angle on jury perception of expert witness credibility during virtual testimony

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Pages 71-83 | Received 01 Oct 2021, Accepted 01 Jul 2022, Published online: 26 Jul 2022
 

Abstract

Since the onset of COVID-19, expert witness testimony has been delivered virtually in judge-alone trials in Ontario with increasing frequency. It is unknown how controllable technological factors in the virtual environment – such as camera angle – may influence jury perception of expert witness credibility. This study assesses whether camera angle has a significant effect on juror perception of expert witness credibility. Jury-eligible participants from Ontario (n = 72) acted as mock jurors in four mock drug trafficking trials involving the same virtual forensic toxicology testimony. The control group (n = 34) watched an expert who was shown from the mid-chest up, whereas the experimental group (n = 38) watched an expert who had their camera angle set to show only their head. Using the Witness Credibility Scale (WCS), participants assessed expert credibility by completing 20 Likert-scale questions related to the expert’s knowledge, likeability, trustworthiness, and confidence. A Mann-Whitney U test indicated no significant difference between the control and experimental groups (p = 0.66, p > 0.05). Therefore, camera angle has no significant impact on juror perception of expert witness credibility, suggesting that experts can use either angle when testifying virtually. This research may help to inform future best practices for virtual expert testimony, enhancing quality and standardization.

RÉSUMÉ

Depuis le début de la pandémie de COVID-19, le témoignage d’experts se fait de plus en plus virtuellement dans les procès avec juge-seulement en Ontario. Nous ignorons comment des facteurs technologiques contrôlables dans l’environnement virtuel – tel que l’angle de caméra – peuvent influencer la perception du jury en ce qui a trait à la crédibilité du témoin. Cette étude évalue si l’angle de caméra a un effet significatif sur la perception des jurés concernant les témoins experts. Des participants admissibles au rôle de juré en Ontario (n = 72) ont agi comme jurés fictifs dans quatre procès de trafic de drogues fictifs impliquant le même témoignage de toxicologie forensique virtuel. Le groupe contrôle (n = 34) a regardé un expert cadré du milieu de la poitrine en montant, alors que le groupe test (n = 38) ont regardé un expert ayant l’angle de caméra cadrée pour montrer seulement sa tête. À l’aide d’un questionnaire d’échelle de crédibilité de témoins, les participants ont évalué la crédibilité de l’expert en répondant à 20 questions d’échelle Likert en lien avec les connaissances, l’amabilité, la fiabilité et la confiance de l’expert. Un test de Mann-Whitney n’a indiqué aucune différence significative entre le groupe contrôle et le groupe test (p = 0.66, p > 0.05). Par conséquent, l’angle de caméra n’a eu aucun impact significatif sur la perception de juré concernant la crédibilité du témoin expert, suggérant que les experts peuvent utiliser un angle autant que l’autre lorsqu’ils témoignent virtuellement. Cette recherche peut aider à informer des meilleures pratiques futures pour les témoignages virtuels d’experts, augmentant ainsi la qualité et la standardisation

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Dr. Tracy Rogers for her guidance throughout this project. We would also like to thank Dr. Karen Woodall, Dr. Rasmus Rosenberg Larsen, Craig Fraser and Agata Gapinska-Serwin for their support with our virtual trials and their real-life expert knowledge.

Conflicts of interest

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Disclaimer

This study was supervised by Caitlin Pakosh, Assistant Professor, Forensic Science Program, University of Toronto Mississauga as part of a research course. This study is in no way affiliated or reflective of the Ministry of the Attorney General.

Additional information

Funding

University of Toronto Mississauga (UTM) funded obtaining a copy of the transcript used to create the content for the mock trial.

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