Reactive Wave Propagation Mechanisms in Energetic Porous Silicon Composites

Abstract

Propagating reactive waves through porous silicon (PS)–sodium perchlorate composites and the generation of shock waves in the gaseous medium above the PS surface were studied using high-speed shadowgraphy. Propagation speeds were varied by changing the PS specific surface area (SSA) and the dopant type and level, and by the addition of organized microstructures along the wave propagation direction. Shadowgraph analysis showed that upstream permeation of hot gaseous combustion products was responsible for a two order of magnitude enhancement in the reactive wave propagation speeds obtained by the presence of organized microscale patterns on PS samples with low SSA (˜ 300 m²/g), which nominally exhibit baseline speeds of ˜ 1 m/s. Shadowgraph analysis and sound speed measurements on PS samples with high SSA (˜ 700 m²/g), which exhibit fast reactive wave propagations of ˜ 1000 m/s, indicated that neither the strong shock over the PS surface nor detonation of the porous layer were the mechanisms by which the wave propagated. Thermal analysis of PS showed that the heat release from exothermic reactions between PS and the oxidizer within the pores shifted to lower temperatures as the SSA of PS increased, which was accompanied by a reduction in the activation energy associated with the lowest temperature exothermic reaction between PS and the oxidizer. The combined experiments indicated that a combination of conductive and convective burning, possibly assisted by fast crack propagation within the silicon/porous silicon substrate, was responsible for the observed difference in propagation speeds and was the mechanism by which the reactive wave propagated with speeds on the order of a km/s within the porous layers.

Keywords:

• Micropyrotechnics
• Nanoenergetic materials
• Porous silicon
• Shadowgraphy

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors wish to thank Julie Anderson and Lymaris Ortiz Rivera from the Materials Characterization Laboratory (MCL) for help with gas adsorption measurements, and Prof. Bernhard Tittmann and Andrew Suprock from the Engineering Science and Mechanics Department at The Pennsylvania State University for help with the sound speed measurements.

Additional information

Funding

The authors gratefully acknowledge the support and funding from the U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR) under grant number AFOSR FA9550-13-1-0004. This publication was supported by the Pennsylvania State University Materials Research Institute Nanofabrication Lab and the National Science Foundation Cooperative Agreement No. ECS-0 335 765.