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Abstract
The long-term (25 years) effect of using chemical fertilizers and animal manure on soil phosphorus (P) composition and phosphatase activities was investigated in this study. Results showed that pig manure applications significantly increased soil total P, Olsen P, and phosphatase activities, whereas chemical fertilizers had no significant effects on soil chemical properties and phosphatase activities. Manure applications doubled or tripled the orthophosphate concentrations as compared to chemical fertilizers. Analysis of solution 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy showed that P composition in sodium hydroxide (NaOH)–ethylenediamenetetraacetic acid (EDTA) extracts was dominated by orthophosphate (59–84%), followed by phosphomonoesters (15–40%). More organic P (Po), especially myo-inositol hexakisphosphate, was observed in soil treated with manure as compared with soil treated with chemical fertilizer.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge Yuncong Li and Daniel L. Irick, University of Florida, for manuscript improvement and language editing; Haijun Yang, Tsinghua University, for the analysis of 31P NMR; and Hongjun Gao, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, for providing basic information of the experimental field.
Funding
The study was supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (2011CB100506, 2011CB100504), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41171241), and the National Key Technology R&D Program of China (2012BAD14B04).