The Straight State: Sexuality and Citizenship in Twentieth Century America; Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America

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Notes

1. United States Customs and Border Protection's enforcement agents enforce immigration laws within 100 miles of the border, in the United States, and this has been aggressively enforced at southern and northern US borders since September 11, 2001 (Bernstein 2010).

2. In October, 2009 Obama lifted the ban on entry for those HIV positive that had been in place in the United States for twenty-two years (Preston 2009).

3. As of 2010, Illinois is still one of the ten states (California, Illinois, Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, New York, Texas, Utah, Washington, and Wisconsin) with policies permitting students who attend and graduate from in-state high schools to qualify for in-state tuition regardless of immigration status. Four other states have laws that ban undocumented students from receiving in-state tuition (Arizona, Colorado, Georgia, and North Carolina), and two states (Alabama and South Carolina) ban undocumented students from attending community colleges altogether.

4. In her chapters on the military, Canaday outlines how the aggressive and minute surveillance of homosexuality in the military functioned to regulate all women: “The closer women moved to power, to first-class citizenship, the more homosexuality seemed to matter” (211).

5. Over 2.3 million people are now housed in prisons and jails across the United States, 1 in every 99.1 adults (Pew Center on the States Public Safety Performance Project 2008). Compared to all other nations, the United States has the highest incarceration rate and the largest number of people (poor, African Americans, and Latinos) locked behind bars. This expanding punitive system harms low-income communities of Color and is the direct result of public policy failures including the war on drugs, mandatory minimum sentences, three-strikes-and-you-are-out laws, and immigration policies (Mauer 1999; Davis 2003; Rodríquez 2008).