Counteracting skill decay: four refresher interventions and their effect on skill and knowledge retention in a simulated process control task

Abstract

In process automation, skill decay has not been investigated systematically. In two experimental studies, refresher interventions (RIs) were compared to support skill and knowledge retention of a start-up procedure on a simulated process control task. Based on theories of proceduralisation, the ‘testing-effect' and mental practice, four different RIs were designed. In Study 1 (N = 68), two experimental groups (EGs) received either an RI called ‘Practice' or an RI called ‘Skill Demonstration'. Both RIs support skill retention, but the Skill Demonstration-RI performed with a higher mental workload. In Study 2 (N = 68), two EGs received an RI called ‘Symbolic Rehearsal' or an RI called ‘Procedural Knowledge Test', and aimed at supporting knowledge retention. Both EGs supported knowledge retention but showed moderate skill decay. Results imply that RIs affect skill and knowledge retention differently and should be applied in accordance with the task requirements and their dependence on accurate skill or knowledge maintenance.

Abstract

Practitioner Summary: Although widely acknowledged in process automation, skill and knowledge decay of operators and its consequences have not been investigated intensively. The results of two experiments show that skill and knowledge decay can be attenuated and even avoided by refresher interventions which are not costly and easy to implement.

Keywords::

• skill decay
• refresher intervention
• process control
• practice
• testing-effect
• Symbolic Rehearsal
• start-up procedure

Additional information

Funding

This research was funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) with the number [KL2207/3-1].