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ABSTRACT
In the presence of electric and gauge fields, it is possible to have effective charges, where an electron attached to an electric field flux can be termed a composite charge. Using the similar configuration of hydrogen, we calculate quantized energy eigenvalues for lattice ions, where the effective charge of an electron can assume a value of 0e or −2e and may be regarded as a photon composite; furthermore, polaritons from these composites can be quantized. We also compare our energy levels with experimental data obtained from inelastic neutron scatterings, in which the data above ∼ 3 meV ( = 24.1966 cm−1) may be attributed to phonon modes in ferroelectric Rochelle salt.
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Funding
This study was supported by a research grant awarded by Kwangwoon University in 2015.