Infrageneric variability of pollen morphology in Palaua (Malveae, Malvaceae) and the taxonomic utility of quantitative pollen characters

Abstract

Palaua (Malvaceae) comprises 15 species endemic to the coastal deserts of Chile and Peru. Previous molecular phylogenetic analyses have shown that this genus is monophyletic and can be subdivided into three clades. In the present study, pollen morphology of all species of Palaua was examined using light and scanning electron microscopy to determine whether it provides additional data in support of the proposed infrageneric groups. The pollen grains are spheroidal, medium to large in diameter, spinose and pantocolporate – the ectocolpi are very short. The tectum is perforate and characterised by granula. In all species the nexine is of a similar thickness in all areas of the pollen grain, while the sexine thickness varies, being notably thicker in the areas where the broad spine bases are sited (‘spine cushions’). Many of the quantitative characters have conspicuous variability, but the variability shows considerable overlap between species. Nonetheless, P. guentheri, P. inconspicua, P. malvifolia and P. modesta are united as a group by having the smallest pollen grains with the smallest apertures, the shortest spines and the shortest interspinal distance. This grouping reflects only partially the suggested infrageneric clades, although it does tend to unite the species with the smallest flowers. A possible link between reproductive resources and pollen size is also considered, as well as the influence of polyploidy. However, the taxonomic utility of these quantitative characters is weakened by species with more than one cytotype.

Keywords:

• Fuertesimalva
• ‘lomas formations’
• Peru and Chile deserts
• pollen grain size
• polyploidy

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft for providing funds to J. V. Schneider (DFG Schn 714/1-1) within the SPP 1127 “Radiations – origin of biodiversity”. The Friedrich-Ebert Foundation is acknowledged for a Ph.D. studentship to M. L. Huertas. The authors thank also two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments. Manfred Ruppel is acknowledged for providing some additional SEM photographs. We are grateful to INRENA for permission to collect specimens in Peru, to César Cáceres, Asunción Cano, Magda Chanco, Leoncio Mariño, Mélica Muñoz-Schick, José Roque, Eduardo Ruíz and Abundio Sagástegui for assisting our work in Peru and Chile, and to the Directors of the Frankfurt (FR) and Leipzig (LZ) herbaria for permission to remove pollen material from herbarium specimens.