Systematics of Zingiberaceae

Abstract

The pollen morphology of 150 species representing 33 genera of Zingiberaceae was examined using light (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) as part of a comprehensive survey of this family. The pollen grains of the species studied are inaperturate, with a thin exine and thick intine, and with diverse ornamentation. This variation in the pollen suggests it may be a useful source of characters for future phylogenetic analyses based on combined datasets.

Keywords:

• pollen morphology
• exine
• ornamentation
• classification

Acknowledgements

The authors should like to acknowledge the technical assistance provided by Frieda Christie and Ruth Hollands, and also thank Jane Droop, Helen Yeats, Paulina Maciejewska-Daruk (all of RBGE, Edinburgh, UK) and Ye Yu–Shi (SCBG, Guangzhou, China) for species collection. We are grateful to Stephen Blackmore (RBGE, Edinburgh, UK), Carol Furness (Kew, London, UK), Alex Dalberg Poulsen (Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Norway) and David Harris (RBGE, Edinburgh, UK) for giving us helpful suggestions.

The authors sincerely thank the two reviewers for their suggestive comments on this article.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Specimens investigated

The accession number of RBGE (Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh) is indicated between square brackets; all the species with * means the samples from the preserved spirit collection in the herbarium of the RBGE:

Tribe Siphonochileae

Siphonochilus kirkii (Hook.f.) B.L.Burtt, Mozambique, BRT 6331 [19710148A].

Tribe Alpinieae

Adelmeria isarogensis Docot & Banag, Philippines: Luzon, P97 IS 1 [19972512A]; Aframomum angustifolium (Sonn.) K.Schum., Madagascar, KRE 92–3403 [19981707A]; Aframomum chrysanthum Lock, RBGE, cultivated [20022011A]; Aframomum daniellii (Hook.f.) K.Schum., Central African Republic, HARRI 5743 [19982767A]; Aframomum melegueta (Roscoe) K.Schum., Côte d'Ivoire, ANTHE [19982065A]; Alpinia brevilabris C.Presl, Philippines: Palawan, P98 [19981790A]; Alpinia caerulea (R.Br.) Benth., Australia: Queensland, NEW 1205 [20010629A]; Alpinia calcarata (Haw.) Roscoe, RBGE, cultivated [19750164B]; Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd., RBGE, cultivated [19771077B]; Alpina galanga (L.) Willd., Cambodia, NEW 2411/2405 [20100748A]; Alpinia haenkei C.Presl, Philippines: Palawan, P98 25350 [19981833A]; Alpinia hainanensis K.Schum., Vietnam, NEW L19 [19901475A]; Alpinia kwangsiensis T.L.Wu & S.J.Chen, Vietnam, New L36 [19901472A]; Alpinia latilabris Ridl., Malaysia: Sabah, Gardner 72 [19772479A]; Alpinia maclurei Merr., China, MMO 06–995 [20080175A]; Alpina aff. melichroa (K.Schum.) K.Schum., Indonesia: Sulawesi Tengah, SCOTT 04–240 [20040491A]; Alpinia monopleura K.Schum., Indonesia: Sulawesi, SCOTT02–101 [20021893B]; Alpinia mutica Roxb., Vietnam, NEW L34 [19901470A]; Alpinia oblongifolia Hayata, Vietnam, NEW L23 [19901460A]; Alpinia oceanica Burkill, Papua New Guinea: Bougainville, ADP 2588 [20070124A]; Alpinia oxymitra K.Schum., Vietnam, LY 268 [20081121A]; Alpinia rafflesiana Wall. ex Baker, Malaysia, Jong [19982578A]; Alpinia versicolor K.Schum., Indonesia: Sulawesi, SCOTT02–91 [20021216A]; Alpinia warburgii K.Schum., Indonesia: Sulawesi, ADP 2814 [20090619A]; Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B.L.Burtt & R.M.Sm., RBGE, cultivated [19751777A]; Alpina sp., Philippines: Mindanao, ARG A59 [19933033A]; Alpinia sp.*, Indonesia: Java, Zou 52901 [Zou 52901]; Amomum dealbatum Roxb.*, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Lamxay VL1248 [E00389577]; Amomum cf. repoeense Pierre ex Gagnep., Vietnam, TRD 67 [20081047A]; Amomum trilobum Gagnep., Vietnam, NEW L2 [19901444A]; Amomum aff. unifolium Gagnep., Vietnam: Dong Nai Prov., Tran, Huu Dang [20081123A]; Amomum sp., Vietnam: Dong Nai Prov., Tran, Huu Dang [20081100A]; Conamomum xanthophlebium (Baker) Škorničk. & A.D.Poulsen*, Unknown, B5159 [E00211854]; Etlingera alba (Blume) A.D.Poulsen, Indonesia, ADP 2599 [20080604A]; Etlingera coccinea (Blume) S.Sakai & Nagam.*, Indonesia: Java, Newman2534 [Newman2534]; Etlingera elegans A.D.Poulsen, Indonesia: Sulawesi, SULSG.117A [20000517A]; Etlingera hyalina A.D.Poulsen, Indonesia: Sulawesi Tengah, DCTH S1 [20081001A]; Etlingera loerzingii (Valeton) R.M.Sm., Indonesia: Sumatera Selatan, ADP 2239 [20040693D]; Etlingera pausodipsus (K.Schum.) A.D.Poulsen, Indonesia, ADP 2633 [20080608A]; Etlingera polycarpa (K.Schum.) A.D.Poulsen, Indonesia: Sulawesi Tengah, SCOTT 02–27 [20021866A]; Etlingera sublimata A.D.Poulsen, Indonesia: Sulawesi Tengah, SCOTT 04–363 [20040653A]; Etlingera sp., Indonesia, ADP, [20051696A]; Hornstedtia cyathifera Valeton, Indonesia: Papua (Irian Jaya), ABEG 265 [20090952B]; Hornstedtia sp., Indonesia: Java, Newman2535 [Newman2535]; Lanxangia tsaoko (Crevost & Lemarié) M.F.Newman & Škorničk.*, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Lamxay VL1706 [E00389934]; Meistera aculeata (Roxb.) Škorničk. & M.F.Newman, Thailand, NEW [20001429A]; Meistera aculeata (Roxb.) Škorničk. & M.F.Newman*, Indonesia: Java, Newman2524 [Newman2524]; Meistera ochrea (Ridl.) Škorničk. & M.F.Newman, Indonesia, ADP 2365 [20051698A]; Meistera tomrey (Gagnep.) Škorničk. & M.F.Newman *, Cambodia, Newman 2266 [E00412054]; Plagiostachys sp., Indonesia: Sulawesi, ADP 2676 [20080413A]; Renealmia polypus Gagnep., Central African Republic: Sangha–Mbaere, HARRI 7289 [20010089A]; Sundamomum hastilabium (Ridl.) A.D.Poulsen & M.F.Newman*, Indonesia: West Sumatra, AJD76 [AJD76]; Sundamomum aff. laxesquamosum (K.Schum.) A.D.Poulsen & M.F.Newman*, Indonesia: West Sumatra, AJD153 [AJD153]; Wurfbainia compacta (Sol. ex Maton) Škorničk. & A.D.Poulsen, Philippines: Mindoro, P97 HAL 60 [19972571A]; Wurfbainia compacta (Sol. ex Maton) Škorničk. & A.D.Poulsen*, Indonesia: Java, Newman2528 [Newman2528]; Wurfbainia schmidtii (K.Schum.) Škorničk. & A.D.Poulsen, Vietnam, Tran et al. 14 [20081153A]; Wurfbainia testacea (Ridl.) Škorničk. & A.D.Poulsen, Thailand: Trang, NEW [20001431A]; Wurfbainia uliginosa (J.Koenig) Giseke, Thailand, NEW [20001432A].

Tribe Riedelieae

Burbidgea schizocheila hort., Malaysia: Sabah, cultivated [19860923A]; Pleuranthodium trichocalyx (Valeton) R.M.Sm., Papua New Guinea: Highlands, Lae [19691344B]; Pleuranthodium peekelii (Valeton) R.M.Sm., Papua New Guinea: Bougainville, ADP 2580 [20070123A]; Pleuranthodium sp., Papua New Guinea: West New Britain, ACP 2571 [20070120A]; Riedelia sp., Indonesia: Papua (Irian Jaya), ABEG 70 [20090864A]; Siamanthus siliquosus K.Larsen & Mood, Thailand, MoodJ L91.135 [20001319A].

Tribe Zingibereae

Boesenbergia alba (K.Larsen & R.M.Sm.) Mood & L.M.Prince, Lao People's Democratic Republic: Bolikhamxai, DL3 LAO 1536 [20060807A]; Boesenbergia aurantiaca R.M.Sm., Malaysia: Sabah, ARA [19850843A]; Boesenbergia curtisii Schltr., Thailand: Phatthalung, NEW [20001428A]; Boesenbergia longiflora Kuntze, Bangladesh: Chittagong, NEW 990 [19991666B]; Boesenbergia pauciflora (R.M.Sm.) Veldkamp & Mood, Indonesia: Kalimantan Barat, CASK 2 [20110241A]; Boesenbergia rotunda (L.) Mansf., Lao People's Democratic Republic,NEW VL1895 [20091371A]; Boesenbergia xiphostachya Loes., Vietnam: Dong Nai Prov., TRD [20081088A]; Cautleya gracilis (Sm.) Dandy, RBGE, Cultivated [19820532C]; Cautleya spicata Baker, RBGE, cultivated [19590760A]; Cornukaempferia longipetiolata Mood & K.Larsen, Thailand, NEW 939 [19991165A]; Curcuma aurantiaca Zijp, Indonesia: Sulawesi, MARDI 158 [20090629A]; Curcuma campanulata (Kuntze) Škorničk., Thailand, NEW 946 [19991168A]; Curcuma gracillima Gagnep., Vietnam: Dong Nai Prov., TRD 48 [20081137A]; Curcuma harmandii Gagnep., Thailand: Chachoengsao, CNGAM 46 [19991185A]; Curcuma involucrata (King ex Baker) Škorničk., China: Guangdong, KRE 95–5550 [19981701A]; Curcuma longa L., RBGE, cultivated [20071097A]; Curcuma parviflora Wall., Thailand, TH 99 [20001549A]; Curcuma plicata Wall., Thailand, CNGAM 60.1 [19991199A]; Curcuma roscoeana Wall., RBGE, cultivated [19973658A]; Curcuma rubescens Roxb., India: Meghalaya, JSKOR 71457 [20060524A]; Curcuma rubrobracteata Škorničk., M.Sabu & Prasanthk., Thailand: Tak, CNGAM 45 [19991184A]; Curcuma singularis Gagnep., Thailand: Phetchabun, CNGAM 60.2 [19991200A]; Curcuma vitellina Škorničk. & H.Ð.Trần, Vietnam: Lam Dong Prov, TRD 70 [20081068A]; Curcuma zanthorrhiza Roxb., Indonesia: Jawa Barat, PRANA 130 [19771295A]; Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe, Indonesia: Jawa Barat, MARDI 38 [19990612A]; Curcuma sp., Lao People's Democratic Republic, LAO 1279 [20060818A]; Distichochlamys citrea M.F.Newman, Vietnam: Thua Thien Hue Prov., New L26 [19901463C]; Distichochlamys sp., Vietnam: Ninh Binh, WERFF 14192 [20021433B]; Hedychium boloveniorum K.Larsen, Lao People's Democratic Republic, NEW VL1935 [20091363A]; Hedychium coccineum Buch.–Ham. ex Sm., Costa Rica, unknown, [19763446A]; Hedychium coronarium J.Koenig, Mexico: Chiapas, ATWYF 498 [20100270A]; Hedychium densiflorum Wall., China: Yunan, GSE96 7610 [19962188B]; Hedychium erythrostemon K.Schum., Indonesia: Sulawesi, SCOTT 02–88 [20021213B]; Hedychium gardnerianum Sheppard ex Ker Gawl., China: Yunnan, GSE(1996) 7916 [19962268A]; Hedychium greenii W.W.Sm., RBGE, cultivated [19696948A]; Hedychium longicornutum Griff. ex Baker, Unknown, BRT 6818 [19730707A]; Hedychium muluense R.M.Sm., Malaysia: Sarawak, KER 232 [19773490A]; Hedychium roxburghii var. oblongum (K.Schum.) Bakh.f., Vietnam: Dong Nai Prov., TRD [20081088A]; Hedychium villosum Wall., Vietnam: Lâm Dong Prov., NEW L15 [19901454A]; Hedychium wardii C.E.C.Fisch., RBGE, cultivated [20120496A]; Kaempferia angustifolia Roscoe, RBGE, cultivated [19881575A]; Kaempferia atrovirens N.E.Br., RBGE, cultivated [19682999A]; Kaempferia harmandiana Gagnep., Lao People's Democratic Republic, NEW VL 1919 [20091366A]; Kaempferia marginata Carey ex Roscoe, Vietnam: Kien Giang Prov., LY 264 [20081109A]; Kaempferia rotunda L., Lao People's Democratic Republic, LAO 1322 [20060840A]; Monolophus bracteatus (K.Larsen & S.S.Larsen) Veldkamp & Mood, Lao People's Democratic Republic: Bolikhamxai, LAO 1528 [20060810A]; Monolophus sikkimensis (King ex Baker) Veldkamp & Mood, RBGE, cultivated [20110851A]; Roscoea bhutanica Ngamr., RBGE, cultivated [20100225A]; Roscoea cautleyoides Gagnep., RBGE, cultivated [19821895A]; Roscoea tibetica Batalin, China: Yunnan, W, Chungtien, Lijiang & Dali Expedition (1990): 1209 [19910931D]; Roscoea tibetica Batalin, China: Yunnan, NW, Kunming, Edinburgh, Gothenburg Expedition (1993): 1684 [19933468B]; Scaphochlamys kunstleri var. rubra (Ridl.) Holttum, Malaysia: Perak, Bradford [19643232A]; Scaphochlamys petiolata (K.Schum.) R.M.Sm., Malaysia: Sarawak, ADP 2309 [20040945A]; Scaphochlamys reticosa (Ridl.) R.M.Sm., Malaysia: Sarawak, KGPEAR SBC47 [20040949A]; Zingiber bradleyanum Craib, Thailand: Chiang Mai, unknown [19781050A]; Zingiber chrysanthum Roscoe, Nepal, McBeath 1081 [19813450A]; Zingiber chrysanthum Roscoe, Nepal, SAL [19831008A]; Zingiber eberhardtii Gagnep., Vietnam: Lâm Dong Prov., NEW L10, [19901477A]; Zingiber longibracteatum Theilade, Thailand: Phuket, ADP 2316 [20042090A]; Zingiber newmanii Theilade & Mood, Thailand: Nakhon Si Thammarat, Newmam [19860748A]; Zingiber niveum Mood & Theilade, Lao People's Democratic Republic, NEW VL1998 [20091374A]; Zingiber officinale Roscoe, RBGE, cultivated [19730709A]; Zingiber pellitum Gagnep., Lao People's Democratic Republic, NEW VL 1955 [20091372A]; Zingiber rubens Roxb., India: Arunachal Pradesh, NFP 22 [19940454A]; Zingiber smilesianum Craib, Vietnam, JSKOR 865 [20110015A]; Zingiber thorelii Gagnep., Cambodia, NEW 2402 [20100753A]; Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Roscoe ex Sm., Indonesia: Jawa, REN 76 [19782342A]; Zingiber sp., Vienam: Lam Dong Prov., Tran, Huu Dang [20081051A].

Tribe Globbeae

Gagnepainia godefroyi (Baill.) K.Schum., Thailand, NEW [20010444A]; Gagnepainia harmandii (Baill.) K.Schum., Thailand, NEW 931 [19991163A]; Globba atrosanguinea Teijsm. & Binn., Malaysia: Sarawak, SIA 85 [19820784A]; Globba fasciata Ridl., Thailand: Nakhon Si Thammarat, NEW [19860743A]; Globba flagellaris K.Larsen, Thailand, TH 99 3 [19991624A]; Globba macrocarpa Gagnep., Cambodia, NEW 2415 [20100769A]; Globba marantina L., RBGE, cultivated [19613981A]; Globba patens Miq., Malaysia: Selangor/Pahang border, WOO 596 [19680620B]; Globba pendula Roxb., Vietnam: Dong Nai Prov., Tran, Huu Dang, [20081102A]; Globba propinqua Ridl., Malaysia: Sabah, ARG 84/100 [19841252A]; Globba racemosa Sm., China: Yunnan, GSE96 7855 [19962254A]; Globba siamensis (Hemsl.) Hemsl., Lao People's Democratic Republic, LAO 1533 [20060813A]; Globba xantholeuca Craib, Thailand: Saraburi, MID 5556 [20121415A]; Globba thorelii, Lao People's Democratic Republic: Bolikhamxai, LAO 1529 [20060805A]; Hemiorchis burmanica Kurz, Bangladesh: Chittagong, NEW 1001 [19991652A]; Hemiorchis rhodorrhachis K.Schum., Thailand, NEW [19871260A].

Tribal placement uncertain

Siliquamomum tonkinense Baill., South China Botanical Garden (SCBG), cultivated [20111213].

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, under grants [30900089, 31470410], and China Scholarship [20103009]. The Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh is supported by the Scottish Government’s Rural and Environmental Science and Analytical Services Division.