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Article

The Neural Trance: A New Look at Hypnosis

Die neuronale Trance: Ein neuer Blick auf Hypnose

Herbert Spiegel

La transe neurale: Une nouvelle façon de percevoir l'hypnose

Herbert Spiegel

El trance neuronal: Una nueva perspectiva de la hipnosis

Herbert Spiegel

Pages 387-410 | Received 02 Aug 2006, Accepted 22 Sep 2006, Published online: 29 Oct 2010
 

Abstract

Hypnosis has had a gradual conceptual emergence from an alleged mystical experience, to sleep, to a psychological shift in concentration that activates a preexisting neuro-physiological circuitry. Data are presented to support the thesis that hypnotizability exists on a spectrum that has biological as well as psychosocial components. When there is synchrony between the bio-psychosocial components of hypnotizability as measured by the Hypnotic Induction Profile (an intact flow), psychotherapy is the primary treatment strategy, with medication secondary or not at all. When measurement reveals a lack of synchrony between biological factors as measured by the Eye-Roll sign and psychosocial responsivity (a nonintact flow), medication will be primary, with different degrees of psychosocial support.

Zusammenfassung

Hypnose durchlief einen graduellen Wandel von einer scheinbar mystischen Erfahrung hin zu einem schlafähnlichen Zustand, dann hin zu einer psychologischen Verlagerung der Aufmerksamkeit, welche zugrunde liegende neurophysiologische Schaltkreise aktiviert. Es werden Daten vorgestellt, welche die These stützen, dass Hypnotisierbarkeit sich entlang eines Spektrums aus biologischen und psychosozialen Bestandteilen verstehen lässt. Wenn die bio-psycho-sozialen Bestandteile der Hypnotisierbarkeit, wie sie etwa im Hypnotic Induction Profile (HIP) gemessen werden, sich in Synchronie befinden, ist Psychotherapie die primäre Behandlungsstrategie und Medikation folgt, wenn überhaupt, nur an zweiter Stelle. Wenn die Messung allerdings ein Fehlen von Synchronie zwischen biologischen Faktoren (gemessen mit dem Augen-Roll-Zeichen) und psycho-sozialer Ansprechbarkeit anzeigt, sollte primär die Medikationsstrategie gewählt werden, ergänzt durch psycho-soziale Unterstützung.

Ralf Schmaelzle University of KonstanzKonstanz Germany

Résumé

La perception de l'hypnose a évolué graduellement. D'abord perçue comme une expérience mystique présumée, l'hypnose a ensuite été associée au sommeil, puis à un changement psychologique dans la concentration activant une circuiterie neurophysiologique préexistante. Des données sont présentées de façon à appuyer la thèse selon laquelle il existe un vaste éventail de types d'hypnotisabilité comprenant des éléments tant biologiques que psychosociaux. Lorsqu'une synchronisation existe entre les composantes biopsychosociales de l'hypnotisabilité mesurée selon le Profil d'induction hypnotique (HIP) (résultat cohérent), la psychothérapie constitue la première stratégie de traitement, suivie, au besoin, d'une médication. Lorsque le HIP révèle un manque de synchronisation entre les facteurs biologiques mesurés par le roulement des yeux et la responsivité psychosociale (résultat non cohérent), la médication constitue la première stratégie, laquelle on accompagnera de différents degrés de soutien psychosocial.

Johanne Reynault C. Tr. (STIBC)

Resumen

La hipnosis ha tenido una emergencia conceptual gradual desde una presunta experiencia mística, pasando por el sueño, hasta un cambio psicológico en la concentración que activa un sistema de circuitos neurofisiológicos pre-existente. Presento datos que apoyan la tesis de que la hipnotizabilidad existe en un espectro con componentes biológicos y psicosociales. Cuando hay sincronía entre los componentes bio-psico-sociales de la hipnotizabilidad según el Perfil de Inducción Hipnótica o Hypnotic Induction Profile (un flujo intacto), la psicoterapia es la estrategia primaria de tratamiento, con la medicación como una estrategia secundaria o no utilizable. Cuando la evaluación da a conocer una carencia de sincronía entre factores biológicos medidos por la señal levantar los ojos y la responsividad psicosocial (un flujo no intacto), la medicación será primaria, con grados diferentes de apoyo psicosocial.

Etzel Cardeña University of LundLund Sweden

This paper was presented as an invited address in the Department of Psychiatry to inaugurate the Herbert Spiegel Lectureship at Columbia University, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Grand Rounds, June 9, 2006. I want to thank Dr. Marcia Greenleaf, my wife and colleague, for her collaboration and support in preparing this paper.

Notes

3Scores on the HIP reflect four different categories of responses. First, if the subject's score of responsivity matches the promise of the biological measure—the Eye-Roll sign (ER)—this is an “intact” profile. Second, if the score goes beyond the promise of the ER, this is an “increment” profile, also “intact.” Third, if the score is significantly less than what the ER would indicate, this is a “soft” profile. Fourth, if the ER is above 0 and there is a total break in the flow of concentration, this is a “decrement” profile. The latter two are “nonintact.” This provides predictive data about how the subject will respond to subsequent hypnosis and to treatment in general. Different types of depression, or side effects of medication such as sedation, and more severe pathology, i.e., schizophrenia, will be reflected in a break in the subject's flow of concentration.

4After this paper was presented, a new report (CitationLee et al., 2007) indicates that fractal analysis of EEG during trance reveals a significant relationship between the Eye-Roll sign and degree of trance capacity with measurable activity within specific cortical areas.

5For a more thorough discussion, please see: CitationSpiegel, H. (1977). The Hypnotic Induction Profile (HIP): A review of its development. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 296, 129–142; CitationSpiegel, H., & Spiegel, D. (1978; Citation2004). Trance & Treatment: Clinical Uses of Hypnosis, Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing Co.; CitationGreenleaf, M. (2006). Mind styles and the hypnotic induction profile: Measure and match to enhance medical treatment. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 49:1, 2006.

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