Exploring health risk issues related to the use of triazoles among farmers in the Souss Massa region, Morocco

ABSTRACT

The use of triazole fungicides has been steadily increasing since the 1980s relative to other fungicides available worldwide. There are few studies on triazole handling practices and their effects on farmers’ health. This study investigates farmers’ practices and health risks related to pesticide exposure. A survey of male agricultural workers (n = 76) was conducted in the Souss Massa region of Morocco. Results indicate that most triazole users lack education and agricultural training, relying on suppliers’ advice or recommendations from fellow farmers. Inappropriate practices were observed, such as disregarding pre-harvest intervals and recommended doses. Additionally, 79% of farmers experienced discomfort, including skin itching, eye irritation, and respiratory problems. Age, literacy, and farming experience influenced behaviours and contributed to environmental and health hazards. Urgent actions are needed to minimise human poisoning and environmental contamination.

KEYWORDS:

• Pesticides
• triazoles
• Moroccan farmers
• health risk

Acknowledgments

The authors extend heartfelt gratitude to the Moroccan farmers and field workers, who participated in this study. Their invaluable contributions are greatly appreciated.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Abbreviations

CAPM	=	Moroccan Poison and Pharmacovigilance Centre
CYP51	=	Lanosterol 14α-demethylase
DMI	=	Demethylation inhibitor
EU	=	European Union
MRL	=	Maximum residue limits
PHI	=	Pre-harvest interval
PPE	=	Personal protective equipment
SPSS	=	Statistical package for social sciences
WHO	=	World Health Organization

Additional information

Funding

This research study received no funding from public, commercial, or non-governmental organizations [NGOs].