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Abstract
An environmental hazard evaluation procedure requires (1) an understanding of structure and function of the “receiving” ecosystem (2) the concentration of chemical (or other stress) that will cause adverse biological effects, and (3) the expected environmental concentration of the chemical (or a description of the physical conditions). The evaluation and information gathering procedures should be carried to the point where the accuracy of the information is sufficient to permit a knowledgeable decision about the hazard. The utility and role of microcosm evidence in determining hazard and in monitoring situations where a calculated risk has been taken are discussed. Particular emphasis has been placed on the time factor.