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Three major sources of water quality degradation in African inland and coastal marine waters are identified. These pertain to (1) urbanization processes strengthened by high birth rates, (2) industrial development including mining and petroleum extraction, refining and transport, and (3) pesticide application in cash crop agriculture and vector control. Examples are given for each of the three categories.
Pollution appears to be increasing in many instances and a growing number of governments recognize this fact as a problem and are incorporating control measures into the country's legislation and at the same time are making efforts to enforce such provisions more efficiently.